Saturday, October 27, 2007

HOW TO PROTECT WORKERS IN THE UNORGANISED SECTORS.--
RURAL AREAS---
1. In the rural areas, the unorganized sector comprises of landless agricultural laborers, small and marginal farmers, artisans etc.
2. Nearly 80% of rural household in India are in small and marginal farmers.
3. These farmers need to be supported for seeds, agricultural inputs, credit storage and market facility etc.
URBAN AREAS---
1. In urban areas unorganized sector comprises of workers in small scale industries, casual workers in construction, trade and transport etc. and those who work as street vendors, head load worker, rag pickers etc.
2. If they put small scale industry they also need govt. support for getting raw material and marketing of the production.
3. Casual workers need to be protected.

SC. ST.-----

1. Majority of sc. St. are working in unorganized sector.
2. Besides irregular and low pay, these workers also face social discrimination.
3. Protection and support is necessary for both economic and social development.
CLASSIFICATION OF SECTORS ON THE BASIS OF OWNERSHIP--

1. PUBLIC SECTOR-- The govt. owns most of the assets and provides all services.
2. Their motive is social benefit.
3. Modern day govt. spends on these activities.
4. E.g. Railways post offices and banks etc.

1. PRIVATE SECTOR-- Ownership of assets and delivery of is in the hands of private individuals or companies.
2. Their motive is to earn profit.
3. To get such services we have to pay money.
4. E.g. Reliance, Tisco, Birlas etc.

WHY GOVT. HAS TAKEN OVER SOME SERVICES--

1. Since private sectors will charge for the following activities like roads, bridges, railways, harbors, electricity, irrigation facilities etc. thus govt. has to take over such heavy spending activities and ensure their availability.
2. Govt. tries to supply electricity at reasonable rates so that industries and people can easily afford.
3. The govt. of India buys what and rice from the farmers and stores it in godowns. Then it sells it in low prices to consumers in ration shops and provides subsidy.
4. Govt. also provides health and education facilities, as these are primary responsibility of the govt.
5. Govt. also needs to pay attention to the aspect of human development such as availability of safe drinking water, housing facilities for the poor and food and nutrition.
6. It is also the duty of the govt. to take care of the poorest and most ignored regions of the country.



ASSIGNMENT--
Q1. What are the sectors of Indian economy explain briefly?
Q2. Give the differences between Primary, Secondary and Tertiary sectors by giving two examples of each.
Q3.The tertiary sector is becoming very important in India. Give three reasons.
Q4. How will u explain the term Disguised Unemployment?
Q5.State the imp. Characteristics of the three main types of unemployment.
Q6. Explain four important causes of unemployment in India. Which do you think is the most important one?
Q7.Briefly explain at least 4 strategies that the govt. of India has taken to reduce unemployment.

Saturday, October 20, 2007

WHERE ARE MOST OF THE PEOPLE EMPLOYED?

1. The primary sector continues to be the largest employs even in the year2000.
2. Even though industrial output or production of goods went up by 8 times during the period, employment in the industry went up by 2.5 times.
3. More than half of the workers in the country are working in the primary sector mainly in the agriculture.
4. The secondary and tertiary sectors produce three fourths of the produce when they employ less than half of the people.
5. There are more people in agriculture than is necessary. So even if a few people are moved out, production will not be affected as workers in the agricultural sectors are underemployed.
6. Kind of underemployment is hidden in contrast to someone who does’nt have a job.
7. It means that even if we remove a lot of people from agricultural sector and provide them with proper work elsewhere, agriculture production will not suffer.
8. There are thousand of casual workers in the service sector in urban areas who search for daily employment. They are employed as painters, plumbers repair workers etc. Many of them do not find work everyday. There may be people who spend the whole day but earn very little.


HOW TO CREATE MORE EMPLOYMENT?

1. Govt. can spend some money to construct a well for poor farmers to irrigate their lands.
2. New dams and canals can be constructed to irrigate farms. This could lead to a lot of employment generation.
3. Govt. can provide facilities for transportation and storage of crops by constructing better roads and granaries. This activity can provide productive employment to farmers.
4. Local banks should give money as credit at reasonable rates of interest for seeds fertilizers, agricultural equipments and pumpsets to draw water.
5. Some industries could be set up in rural areas only to provide jobs to farmers.
6. Dal mills can be set up which can buy, process and sell dals in cities.
7. Opening of cold storage can give an opportunity for farmers to store their products like potatoes and onions and sell them when the price is good.
8. In villages near forest areas; honey collection centers can be put up, where farmers can come and sell wild honey.
9. Industries can be set up which process vegetables and agricultural products like potato, sweet potato rice, wheat, fruits etc. which can be sold in outside markets.
10. Schools should be set up for children of laborers for which we require more buildings, more teachers and school staff. 20 lakh jobs can be created in the education sector alone.
11. If we have to improve health of the people, we need many more doctors, nurses health workers etc. to work in rural areas.
12. Every state had a potential for increasing income and employment for people in that area. It could be tourism, regional craft industries or new services like IT.
13. If tourism as a sector is ignored, every year we can give additional employment to more than 35 lakh people.


ROLE OF CENTRAL GOVERNMENT----

1. Central govt. in India recently made a law, implementing the right to work in 200 districts of India, it is called” NATIONAL RURAL EMPLOYMENT GURANTEE ACT” 2005 (NREGA 2005).
2. Under NREGA, all those who are able to, and are in need of work, have been guaranteed 100 days of employment in a year by the govt.
3. If the Govt. fails in its duty to provide employment, it will give employment allowances to the people.

CLASSIFICATION OF SECTORS ON THE BASIS OF EMPLOYMENT------

1. Organised Sector
2. Unorganised Sector.

ORGANISED SE CTOR

1. It covers those enterprises or places of work where terms of employment are regular and assured.
2. They are registered by the Govt. and have to follow its rules and regulations which are given in factory Act, Payment of Gratuity Act Etc.
3. it is called organized because it has formal processes and procedures.
4. Some of them work on their own in these offices, they also have to register themselves with the Govt. and follow the rules and regulations.
5. Workers in the organized sector enjoy security of employment.
6. They are expected to work for a fixed no. of hours.
7. If they work more they are paid overtime.
8. They also get several other benefits like--- paid leave, payment during holidays, provident fund, gratuity etc.
9. They are supposed to get medical benefits, safe drinking water and safe working environment.
10. When they get retired they get pensions also.

UNORGANISED SECTOR----

1. They are small and scattered units, outside the control of Govt.
2. There are rules and regulations but they are not followed.
3. Jobs are low paid and often are not regular.
4. There is no provision for overtime, paid leave, holidays, leaves due to sickness etc.
5. Employment is not secured.
6. People can be asked to leave without any reason.
7. When there is any seasonal work, they become unemployed for a particular season.
8. This sector had a large no. of people, who are employed on their own such as selling on the streets or doing repair work, they also do not have stable salary.
WHERE ARE MOST OF THE PEOPLE EMPLOYED?

1. The primary sector continues to be the largest employs even in the year2000.
2. Even though industrial output or production of goods went up by 8 times during the period, employment in the industry went up by 2.5 times.
3. More than half of the workers in the country are working in the primary sector mainly in the agriculture.
4. The secondary and tertiary sectors produce three fourths of the produce when they employ less than half of the people.
5. There are more people in agriculture than is necessary. So even if a few people are moved out, production will not be affected as workers in the agricultural sectors are underemployed.
6. Kind of underemployment is hidden in contrast to someone who does’nt have a job.
7. It means that even if we remove a lot of people from agricultural sector and provide them with proper work elsewhere, agriculture production will not suffer.
8. There are thousand of casual workers in the service sector in urban areas who search for daily employment. They are employed as painters, plumbers repair workers etc. Many of them do not find work everyday. There may be people who spend the whole day but earn very little.

HOW TO CREATE MORE EMPLOYMENT?

1. Govt. can spend some money to construct a well for poor farmers to irrigate their lands.
2. New dams and canals can be constructed to irrigate farms. This could lead to a lot of employment generation.
3. Govt. can provide facilities for transportation and storage of crops by constructing better roads and granaries. This activity can provide productive employment to farmers.
4. Local banks should give money as credit at reasonable rates of interest for seeds fertilizers, agricultural equipments and pumpsets to draw water.
5. Some industries could be set up in rural areas only to provide jobs to farmers.
6. Dal mills can be set up which can buy, process and sell dals in cities.
7. Opening of cold storage can give an opportunity for farmers to store their products like potatoes and onions and sell them when the price is good.
8. In villages near forest areas; honey collection centers can be put up, where farmers can come and sell wild honey.
9. Industries can be set up which process vegetables and agricultural products like potato, sweet potato rice, wheat, fruits etc. which can be sold in outside markets.
10. Schools should be set up for children of laborers for which we require more buildings, more teachers and school staff. 20 lakh jobs can be created in the education sector alone.
11. If we have to improve health of the people, we need many more doctors, nurses health workers etc. to work in rural areas.
12. Every state had a potential for increasing income and employment for people in that area. It could be tourism, regional craft industries or new services like IT.
13. If tourism as a sector is ignored, every year we can give additional employment to more than 35 lakh people.

ROLE OF CENTRAL GOVERNMENT----

1. Central govt. in India recently made a law, implementing the right to work in 200 districts of India, it is called” NATIONAL RURAL EMPLOYMENT GURANTEE ACT” 2005 (NREGA 2005).
2. Under NREGA, all those who are able to, and are in need of work, have been guaranteed 100 days of employment in a year by the govt.
3. If the Govt. fails in its duty to provide employment, it will give employment allowances to the people.

CLASSIFICATION OF SECTORS ON THE BASIS OF EMPLOYMENT------

1. Organised Sector
2. Unorganised Sector.

ORGANISED SE CTOR

1. It covers those enterprises or places of work where terms of employment are regular and assured.
2. They are registered by the Govt. and have to follow its rules and regulations which are given in factory Act, Payment of Gratuity Act Etc.
3. it is called organized because it has formal processes and procedures.
4. Some of them work on their own in these offices, they also have to register themselves with the Govt. and follow the rules and regulations.
5. Workers in the organized sector enjoy security of employment.
6. They are expected to work for a fixed no. of hours.
7. If they work more they are paid overtime.
8. They also get several other benefits like--- paid leave, payment during holidays, provident fund, gratuity etc.
9. They are supposed to get medical benefits, safe drinking water and safe working environment.
10. When they get retired they get pensions also.

UNORGANISED SECTOR----

1. They are small and scattered units, outside the control of Govt.
2. There are rules and regulations but they are not followed.
3. Jobs are low paid and often are not regular.
4. There is no provision for overtime, paid leave, holidays, leaves due to sickness etc.
5. Employment is not secured.
6. People can be asked to leave without any reason.
7. When there is any seasonal work, they become unemployed for a particular season.
8. This sector had a large no. of people, who are employed on their own such as selling on the streets or doing repair work, they also do not have stable salary.

Tuesday, October 16, 2007

CHAPTER---2 SECTORS OF THE INDIAN ECONOMY

People are engaged in various economic activities producing goods and services.
There could be several ways of classifications depending on the purpose.
In this chapter we will study about these different ways of classifications.
1. On the Basis of nature of activity
a) Primary Sector
b) Secondary Sector
c) Tertiary Sector

2. On the basis of Employment
a) Organised Sector
b) Unorganised Sector

3. On the basis of Ownership
a) Public Sector
b) Private Sector

1. PRIMARY SECTOR---
There are many activities that are undertaken by directly using natural resources. Since most of the natural products we get are from agriculture, dairy, fishing, forestry, this sector is also called AGRICULTURE AND RELATED SECTOR.Eg--- Dairy, cultivation, mining of mineral ores etc.

2. SECONDARY SECTOR---
It covers activities in which natural products are changed into other forms through ways of manufacturing that we associate with industrial activities.
The product is not produced by nature but has to be made therefore some process of manufacturing is essential. Since this sector Gradually became associated with different kinds of industries that came up, it is also called as INDUSTRIAL SECTOR .Eg, Sugar of gur is manufactured form sugarcane, building from bricks and bread from wheat flour etc.


3. TERTIARY SECTOR---
These are the activities that helped in development of primary and secondary sector.
These activities do not produce goods but they are an aid or support for the production process.
Since these activities generate services rather goods, the tertiary sector is also called THE SERVICE SECTOR. Eg,Tranport, storage, communication, banking, trade etc, are some examples of tertiary sector.

HOW GDP OF OUR COUNTRY IS CACULATED?

1. Values of goods and services should be used rather than adding up the actual numbers. Value of goods and services in three sectors are calculated and then added up.
2. Not every good or service that is produced and sold needs to be counted. It is required to add the final goods and services.
3. Intermediate goods are used in producing final goods and services. The value of final goods already includes the value of all the intermediate goods that are used in making the final goods.
4. The value of final goods and services produced in each section during a particular year provides the total production of the sector for that year. And the sum of production in the three sectors gives what is called the gross domestic product of a country
GDP IS THE VALUE OF ALL FINAL GOODS AND SERVICES PRODUCED WITHIN A COUNTRY DURING A PARTICULAR YEAR.
5. Measurements of the GDP is done by a central govt. Ministry.This ministry with the help of Various govt. Departments of all Indian states, collect information relating to total volume of goods and services and their prices and then estimates the GDP.

HISTORICAL CHANGES IN SECTORS---

PRIMARY SECTOR----
1. As the methods of farming changed farmers produce much more food then before.
2. Many people could take other activities also.
3. No. of craftsmen and traders increased.
4. Buying and selling activities increased.
5. Besides this people are opting jobs of transporters, army and administrators etc.
SECONDARY SECTOR----
1. Over a long time, new methods of manufacturing were introduced, factories came up and started expanding.
2. People who worked in farms, started working in factories.
3. Secondary sector gradually became the most important in total production and employment.
4. Importance of sectors had changed.

TERTIARY SECTORS ---
1. There has been a further shift from secondary to tertiary sector.
2. Service sector has become most important in terms of total production.
3. Most of the working people are also employed in the service sector.

RISING IMPORTANCE OF TERTIARY SECTOR IN INDIA
1. In any country several services such as hospitals, educational institutions, post and telegraph services, police stations, courts, village administrative offices, municipal corporations, banks, defence, transport, insurance companies etc are required.
2. Development of agriculture and industry leads to development of services like transport, trade, storage etc. Greater the development of the primary and secondary sectors more would be the demand for such services.
3. As income level rises people start demanding more services like eating out, tourism, shopping, private hospitals, private schools, professional training etc. especially in cities.
4. Over the past decade certain new services such as those based on information and communication technology have become important and essential. The production of these services has been rising rapidly.
But remember ---
1. Not all the service sectors are growing equally well.
2. Service sector in India employs different kinds of people.
3. At one end there are a limited number of services that employ highly skilled and educated workers.
4. On the other hand there are a large number of workers engaged in services like small shop keepers, repair persons, transport persons etc.
5. These people barely manage to earn a living yet they perform these services because no other job is available to them.
6. Hence only a part of this sector is growing in importance.

Wednesday, October 3, 2007

MARIANNE

1. In France mother nation was called Marianne.
2. Her characteristics were withdrawn from liberty and republic---- the red cap, the tricolour and the cockade.
3. Statues were erected at the public places to remind the people of the national symbol of unity.
4. Her images were marked on the coins and stamps also.

GERMANIA:--

1.Germania was the name given to mother nation of Germany.
She wears a crown of oak leaves as it personifies heroism.
Meanings of the symbols


ATTRIBUTE SIGNIFICANCE

1. Broken chains being freed
2. Breast plate with eagle strength
3. Crown of the oak leaves heroism
4. Sword readiness to fight 5.Olive branches and the Sword willingness to make peace
6 .Black red and gold tricolor German flag of liberals
7. Rays of rising Sun beginning of a new era.


NATIONALISM AND IMPERIALISM


During the last quarter of the19th century national groups became intolerant of each other and ever ready to go to war, because of their imperialist intentions.( Imperialism is when a powerful country forcibly occupy a weaker country to prove its strength )

BALKAN PROBLEMS:---
1.Balkan area comprising of modern day Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Greece, Macedonia, Croatia, Bosnia—Herzegovina, Slovenia, Serbia and Montenegro, whose inhabitants were Slavs
2 A large part of Balkans were under the control of Muslims Ottoman Empire.
3. Ottoman empire tried to tighten its hold on this part of Europe by introducing reforms and modernization.
4. Balkan countries decided to win back their independence by awakening the national feelings
5. Balkan area became the area of conflict.
6. Balkan countries were jealous of each other and had interest in overruling the other country.
7. Whereas imperialists powers had shown their interest in occupying them as their colonies..
8. This led to a series of wars and finally First World war.


ANTI IMPERIALIST MOVEMENTS

1. Nationalism along with imperialism led Europe to disaster in 1914.
2. Many countries in 19th Century began to oppose imperial domination.
3. Anti imperialist movements were all nationalists.
4. They were inspired by the sense of collective national unity.
5. All the nations of the world developed the sense of nationalism
6. This concept of nation states had been accepted as natural and universal.

ASSIGNMENT

Q1. Name any four countries where independent nation states did not exit during the mid 19th century in Europe.
Q2.Describe the three main demands of the liberal middle class men and women in Europe in mid 19th century.
Q3. Briefly describe in tree points the incident of 18th May 1848 in the German region in which the middle class professionals, political associations were fighting for an all German national assembly.
Q4. What did women do to fight for their rights in Germany?
Q5. Explain the impact of liberal movement on the monarch.
Q6. Describe in 8 points the process by which Germany was unified.
Q7. Explain briefly the impact of unification of Germany.
Q8. Describe in 8 points the process of unification of Italy.
Q9. Describe in three points the political conditions of Italy in the mid 19th century.
Q10. Name the 4 ethnic groups who inhabited the British Isles’
Q11. Briefly describe any four conditions prevailing in Ireland.
Q12. Explain the term Allegory.
Q13. How did artists personify the nation?
Q14. Mention two of the specific objects or symbols which represented Liberty Justice and the republic.
Q15.Who was Marianne?
Q16. Describe the allegory of German nation.
Q17. Explain the four changes which came in the nationalism towards the last quarter of the 19th century.
Q18. Name any 8 countries included in the Balkans.
Q19. What made the region of Balkans explosive?
Q20. Explain any three causes of conflict prevailing in the areas of Balkans.
Q21. Why the countries colonized by the European powers did, Began to oppose imperial domination? Explain three reasons.


LIST OF MAP ITEMS

Outline political map of Europe.
1. for locating and labeling only; page6- Europe after the congress of Vienna1815. (Different states shown in the map of Europe. )
2. For identification only:- ( based on maps given on page 21.)
1. Sardinia
2. Kingdom of the two sicilies
3. Austrian Empire—Austria- hungry, Galicia
4. Ottoman empire
5. Kingdom of papal states Rome