tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-64930122533317263182024-02-20T08:54:49.727-08:00social science learningsunita sainihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08127441511723054454noreply@blogger.comBlogger19125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6493012253331726318.post-9635880435260552822009-12-04T23:42:00.000-08:002009-12-05T00:24:51.599-08:00<p>4. Criminals were in fact poor who lived by stealing lead from roofs, food from shops, lumps of coal and clothes drying on hedges.</p><p>5. They were cheats and trickesters, pickpockets and petty thieves crowding the streets of london.</p><p>6.In an attempt to discipline the population the authorities imposed high penalities for crimes and offerd work to those who were considered the deserving poor.</p><p>WOMEN---</p><p>1.factories employed large no. of women.</p><p>2. With technological develpoment women gradually lost their industrial jobs and were forced to work within households.</p><p>3.A large no. of women used their homes to increase family income by taking in lodgers or through activities such as tailoring, washing or matchbox making.</p><p>CHILDREN--</p><p>1.A large no. of children were pushed into low paid work often by their parents.</p><p>2.It was only after the passage of Compulsory Elementry Education Act in 1870 and factory Act beginning from 1902 that childern were kept out of industrial work.</p><p>HOUSING--</p><p>1.Older cities like London changed dramatically when people began pouring in after the industrial revolution.</p><p>2.Factory or workshop owners did not house the migrant workers,instead individual landowners put up cheap and unsafe teements for the new arrivals.</p><p>3. Poverty was visible in the city.</p><p>4.About one million Londoners were very poor and were expected to live an average life of 29years.</p><p>5. Those people were more than likely to die in a workhouse, hospitals or lunatic assylum.</p>sunita sainihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08127441511723054454noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6493012253331726318.post-63116608510701227772009-12-04T21:13:00.000-08:002009-12-04T22:14:17.325-08:00WORK LIFE AND LEISURE CITIES IN THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD.DURGA CHARAN RAY'S NOVEL--<br />1. In 1880 in his novel, '' The Gods Visits Earth" he had depicted that lord Bramha took a train to calcutta with some other gods.<br />2.Varuna the rain god conducted his tour to Calcutta.<br />3. The gods were wonderstruck by the big modern city-- the train, the large ships on the river ganges, factories belching smoke, bridges and monuments and dazzeling array of shops selling a no. of commodities.<br />4. But the gods were disturbed by its cheats, thieves, its grinding poverty and poor quality of housing for many.<br />5. gods were also perturbed at the confusion of caste religion and gender identities in the city.<br />Three Historical processes which have shaped modern cities in decisive ways--<br />1. The rise of industrial capitalism.<br />2. The establishments of colonial rule over large parts of the World.<br />3. Development of democratic ideals.<br />CHAPTER 1. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE CITY<br />How do we distinguish betwwen cities on one hand and towns and villages on the other---<br />1. Towns and cities first appeared along the river valleys were larger in scale than other in human settlement.<br />2.Ancient cities could develop only when an increase in food supplies made it possible to support a wide range of non food producers.<br />3.Cities were often the centers of political power, administrative network, trade and industry, religious institutions and intellectual activities.<br />4. Cities themselves vary greatly in size and complexity.<br />5. They can be densely settled modern day metropoises.<br />LONDON CITY.<br />1. By 1750 one out of every nine people of England and Wales lived in London.<br />It was a colossal city.<br />2.Its population multiplied four fold in 70 years.<br />3. The city of London was a powerful magnet for migrant population.<br />4. It is rightly said that London was a city of small masters and skilled artisans, soldiers and servants, of casual labours,street sellers and beggers.<br />5. During the first world war London began manfacturing motor cars and electronic goods and the number of large factories increased.<br />6.Apart from the london dockyard five major types of industries employed large numbers--<br />a) Clothing and footwear.<br />b) Wood and furniture.<br />c) Metals and engineering.<br />d) printing and stationary.<br />e) Surgical instruments.<br />f) Watches and objects of precious metals.<br />MARGINAL GROUPS--<br />POOR PEOPLE AND CRIMINALS.<br /><br />1.As London grew crime flourished.<br />2.The police were worried about law and order and philantherapist were worried about morality.<br />3. So the population of criminals was counted, their activities were observed and ways of life were investigating.sunita sainihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08127441511723054454noreply@blogger.com8tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6493012253331726318.post-66152814857847378132008-07-02T10:31:00.001-07:002008-07-02T10:33:17.740-07:00LESSON - 1<span style="color:#660000;">Resources and Development</span><br /><br />Definition of a ‘Resource’: Everything available in our environment which can be used to satisfy our needs is called resource. It should be technologically accessible, economically feasible and culturally acceptable. Only then it can be termed as ‘Resource’.<br /><br />Two examples are minerals and forests.<br /><br />1. Classification of Resources<br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />1.1 BIOTIC RESOURCES:<br />These are obtained from Biosphere and have life.<br />Eg. Human beings, flora and fauna, fisheries, livestock etc.<br /><br />1.2 ABIOTIC RESOURCES:<br />All Those things which are composed of non – living things are called abiotic resources.<br />Eg. Rocks and metals.<br /><br />1.3 RENEWABLE RESOURCES<br />The Resources which can be renewed of reproduced by physical, chemical or mechanical processes are known as renewable or replenishable resources.<br />Eg. Solar and wind energy, water, forests and wildlife etc.<br /><br />1.4 NON-RENEWABLE RESOURCES:<br />They occur over a very long geological time. These resources take millions of years in their formation.<br />Eg. Metals, fossil fuels, etc.<br /><br />1.5 INDIVIDUAL RESOURCES:<br />These are owned privately by individuals.<br />Eg. Many farmers own land<br />Many urban people own plots, houses.<br /><br />1.6 COMMUNITY OWNED RESOURCES:<br />These resources which are accessible to all the member of the community.<br />Eg. Grazing grounds, burial grounds, village ponds, parks, picnic points, etc.<br /><br />1.7 NATIONAL RESOURCES:<br />Technically all the resources are available in a country belong to that nation are called National resources.<br />Eg. All the mineral water resources, forests, wild life, land etc.<br /><br />1.8 INTERNATIONAL RESOURCES:<br />There are international institutions which regulate some resources. The oceanic resources beyond 200 km of the Exclusive Economic Zone belong to open ocean and no individual country can utilize these without the concurrences of international institutions.<br /><br />1.9 POTENTIAL RESOURCES:<br />Resources which are found in a region, but have not been utilized.<br />Eg. Gujrat & Rajasthan have potential for the development of wind & solar energy, but so far these have not been developed properly.<br /><br />1.10 DEVELOPED RESOURCES:<br /> Resources which are surveyed and their quality & quantity have been determined for<br /> utilization.<br /><br />1.11 STOCK:<br /> Materials in the environment which have the potential to satisfy human needs but<br /> human beings do not have the appropriate technology to access these.<br /> Eg. Water is a compound of two inflammable gases, hydrogen and oxygen which<br /> Can be used as a rich source of energy. But we do not have the required technical<br /> ‘know how’ to use them for the purpose hence it can be considered as a stock.<br /><br />1.12 RESERVES:<br /> They can be put into use with the help of existing technical ‘know how’ but their use<br /> Has not been started.<br /> Eg. River water can be use for generating hydroelectric power but presently, it is<br /> Being utilized only to a limited extent.<br /><br />INTERDEPENDENT RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN NATURE, TECHNOLOGY & INSTITUTIONS:<br /><br />The process of transformation of things available in an environment involves an interdependent relationship between nature, technology and institutions.<br />Human beings interact in the nature through technology and create institutions to accelerate their economic development.<br />Human beings themselves are essential components of resource. They transform material into resources and use them.<br /><br /><br />2. DEVELOPMENT OF RESOURCES<br /><br />Resources are vital for human survival as well as for maintaining quality of life.<br />Since resources are considered free gifts of nature, human beings used them indiscriminately.<br />This indiscriminate use leads to the following problems:<br />(a) Resources are getting depleted to satisfy the greed of few individuals<br />(b) Resource are accumulated in few hands, which has made some people rich and some poor in the society.<br />(c) Indiscriminate use of resources has led to ecological crisis like global warming, ozone layer depletion, environment pollution and land degradation.<br /><br />3. SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT<br /><br />Sustainable economic development means development should take place without damaging the environment. An equitable distribution of resources is essential for sustained quality of life.<br /><br />If the present trend of resource depletion by a few individuals & countries continues the future of our planet will come in danger.<br />Therefore resource planning is essential for sustainable existence of all forms of life.<br />Sustainable existence is a component of sustainable development.<br /><br />3.1 RIO DE JUNERIO EARTH SUMMIT, 1992<br />It was the first International Earth Summit<br />It was held in Rio De Juneiro in Brazil.<br />It dealt with the problems of environmental protection and socio-economic development at the global level.<br />The assembled leaders signed the declaration on Global Climatic Change and Biological diversity.<br /><br />3.2 AGENDA 21<br />It is the declaration signed by world leaders in 1992 at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) at Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.<br />It aims at achieving global sustainable development and to combat environmental damage, poverty, disease through global co-operation on common interests, mutual needs and shared responsibilities.<br />Every local government should draw its own local Agenda 21.<br /><br />4. RESOURCE PLANNING<br /><br />4.1 NEED OF PLANNING<br />Planning is needed for the judicious use of resources.<br />It is important for India, as it has enormous diversity in the availability of resources.<br />There are regions which are rich in certain types of resources.<br />There are regions which are self sufficient in the availability of resources.<br />There are regions which have acute shortage of some vital resources.<br />Eg.<br />Ø State of Jharkhand, Chattisgarh and Madhya Pradesh are rich in minerals and coal deposits, but lacks in infrastructural development.<br />Ø Arunachal Pradesh has abundance of water resources but lacks infrastructural development.<br />Ø Rajasthan is rich in solar and wind energy, but lacks in water resources.<br />Ø Ladakh is deficient in water and some vital mineral but rich in heritage.<br />Ø This calls for balanced resource planning at national, state, regional and local levels.<br /><br />4.2 RESOURCE PLANNING IN INDIA<br />4.2.1 Process of resource planning<br />1. Identification and inventory of resources across the regions of the country:<br /> This involves surveying, mapping and qualitative and quantitative estimation and measurement of the resources.<br />2. Evolving a Planning Structure:<br /> Its appropriate technology, skill and institutional set up for implementing resource development plan.<br />3. Matching the resource development plans:<br /> The resource development plan must match with the overall national development plan.<br /><br />5. INDIA’S EFFORTS FOR ACHIEVING THE GOALS OF RESOURCE PLANNING<br />Availability of resource is necessary for the development of any region.<br />Resource can contribute to development only when there is technological development.<br />Quality of human resources and historical experiences of the people are also required.<br /><br />6. CONSERVATION OF RESOURCES<br />Irrational consumption and over utilization of resources may lead to socio-economic and environmental problems.<br />To overcome these problems, resource conservation at various levels is important.<br />Conservation of resources can be done by:<br />1. Reasonable and judicious use of available resources.<br />2. Avoiding wasteful use of resources.<br />3. Efforts to regenerate resources.<br />4. Development of alternative substitute for exhaustible resources.<br /><br />6.1 GANDHI’S VIEWS ON CONSERVATION OF RESOURCES<br />There is enough for everybody’s need and not for anybody’s greed.<br />He placed the greedy & selfish individuals and exploitative nature of modern technology as the root cause for resource depletion at the global level.<br />He was against mass production and wanted to replace it with the production by the masses.<br /><br />7. LAND RESOURCES<br /><br />Land is natural resource of utmost importance.<br />It supports natural vegetation, wild life, human life, economic activities, transport and communication systems.<br />Land is an asset, therefore it is necessary to make use of the land with proper planning.<br /><br />7.1 LAND UNDER IMPORTANT RELIEF FEATURE:<br />About 43% of the land area is plain. It provides facilities for agriculture and industries.<br />30% of the land has mountains. They ensure perennial flow of rivers & provide facilities for tourism and ecological aspects.<br />27% of the land area is the plateau region. It possesses rich resource of minerals, fossil fuels and forests.<br /><br />7.2 LAND UTILIZATION<br />Land Resource are used for the following purposes:<br />Forests.<br />Land not available for cultivation:<br />(a) Barren & waste land.<br />(b) Land used for buildings, roads, factories, etc.<br />Uncultivated land.<br />(a) Permanent pastures and grazing land.<br />(b) Tree crops.<br />(c) Cultivable waste land (left uncultivated for more than 5 agricultural years)<br />Fallow lands:<br />(a) Current fallow (left uncultivated for one or less than one agricultural year)<br />(b) Other than current fallow (left uncultivated for the past 1 to 5 years)<br />Net Sown Area:<br />(a) It is the area where the actual cultivation is done.<br />(b) It is also known as gross cropped area.<br /><br />8. LAND USE PATTERN IN INDIA<br /><br />8.1 FACTORS FOR LAND USE PATTERN<br />Physical Factors:<br />Include climate topography, climate, soil types, etc.<br />Human Factors:<br />Population density, technological capability and culture and tradition, etc.<br /><br />8.2 LAND USE PATTERN OF INDIA<br />Total geographical area of India is 3.28 million sq. km.<br />Land use data is available only for 93% of the total area.<br />Land under permanent pastures has decreased.<br />Net sown area in India is about 54%, which is a positive point.<br />Net sown area varies from state to state. It is over 80% in Punjab and Haryana and less than 10% in Arunachal Pradesh, Mizoram, Manipur and Andaman Nicobar.<br />According to the National Forest Policy (1952), desired Forest area is 33% of geographical area, which is essential for maintenance of ecological balance in India, it is less.<br />Waste land includes rocky, arid and desert areas.<br />Non-Agricultural use include settlements, roads, railways, industry, etc.<br /><br /><br />9. LAND DEGRADATION<br /><br />Continuous use of land over a long period of time without taking appropriate measures to conserve and manage it, has resulted in land degradation.<br /><br />9.1 INDIA’S DEGRADED LAND<br />At present there are about 130 Million hectares degraded land.<br />About 28% of it belongs to the category of forest degraded area.<br />56% of it is water eroded area.<br />The rest is affected by saline and alkaline deposits.<br />Some human activities such as deforestation, over grazing, mining and quarrying have also contributed significantly in land degradation.<br /><br />9.2 CAUSES OF LAND DEGRADATION<br />Mining sites are abandoned after excavation work is complete, leaving deep scars and traces of overburdening. For example in Jharkhand, Chattisgarh, M.P., and Orrisa.<br />In states like Gujrat, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh & maharashtra over grazing is one of the main reasons for land degradation.<br />In the states of Punjab, Haryana, Western Uttar Pradesh over irrigation is responsible for land degradation due to water logging, leading to increase in salinity and alkalinity in the soil.<br />The mineral processing like grinding of limestone for cement industry and calcite & soap stone for ceramic industry generate huge quantity of dust in the atmosphere, which settles down on the surface.<br />In recent years industrial effluents as waste have become major source of land & water pollution in many parts of the country.<br /><br />9.3 WAYS TO SOLVE THE PROBLEMS OF LAND DEGRADATION<br />Afforestation and proper management of grazing.<br />Planting of shelter belts of plants.<br />Control on over grazing<br />Stabilization of sand dunes by growing thorny bushes<br />Proper management of waste land<br />Control of mining activities<br />Proper discharge and disposal of industrial effluents and wastes after treatment.<br />10. SOIL AS A RESOURCE<br /><br />10.1 IMPORTANCE OF SOIL<br />Soil is the most important renewable resource.<br />It is the medium of plant growth.<br />It supports different types of living organisms on the earth.<br />Soil is a living system.<br /><br />10.2 FACTORS RESPONSIBLE FOR SOIL FORMATION<br />Relief<br />Parent rock or bed rock<br />Climate<br />Vegetation & other forms of life<br />Time<br /><br /><br />10.3 VARIOUS FORMS OF NATURE RESPONSIBLE FOR SOIL FORMATION:<br />Change in temperature<br />Actions of running water<br />Wind & glaciers<br />Activities of decomposers<br />Chemical & organic changes<br /><br /><br /><br /><br />11. CLASSIFICATION OF SOIL<br /><br />On the basis of factors responsible for soil formation colour, thickness, texture, age, chemical & physical properties, the soil of India can be classified in different types.<br />CLASSIFICATION OF SOIL<br />Alluvial Soil<br />Black Soil<br />Red & Yellow Soil<br />Laterite Soil<br />Arid Soil<br /><br />11.1 ALLUVIAL SOIL:<br />Features of Alluvial Soil:<br />It is the most wide spread and important soil.<br />They are deposited by three important Himalayan river systems the Indus, the Ganga and the Bhramaputra.<br />They are found in northern plains and eastern coastal plains particularly in the deltas of Mahanadi, the Godavari, the Krishna & the Kaveri rivers.<br />The soil consists of various proportions of land, silt and clay.<br />In the upper reaches of river valley i.e. near the place of the break of slope, the soil are coarse.<br />Such soils are more common in piedmont plains like ‘Duars’ (when plains like starts and mountain ends) ‘chos’ (hilly of hansitional areas) and ‘Terai’ (foothill of the area)<br />Alluvial soils are very fertile.<br />Mostly they contain adequate proportion of potash, phosphoric acid and lime, which are ideal for the growth of sugarcane, paddy, wheat & pulse crop & other cereals.<br />These soil in the dry areas are more alkaline and can be productive after proper treatment and irrigation.<br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />CLASSIFICATION OF ALLUVIAL SOIL ACCORDING TO AGE<br />Khadar<br />Bangar<br /><br />1. It is new alluvial soil. 1. It is an old alluvial soil<br />2. It has fine particles and is more fertile. 2. It has higher concentration of<br /> kankar nodules in it.<br /><br />Alluvial Soil<br /><br />11.2 BLACK SOIL<br />Features of Black Soil:<br />It is black in colour and is also known as regular soil.<br />Since these soils are ideal for growing cotton, so they are also known as black cotton soils.<br />Climatic conditions along with the parent rock material are the important factors for the formation of soil.<br />These soils are made up of lava flow.<br />They are found in North-west Deccan plateau.<br />It covers the plateaus of Maharashtra, Saurashtra, Malwa, M.P. and Chattisgarh and further extend in south east, along Godavari and Krishna valleys.<br />They are clayey, so are well known for their capacity to hold moisture.<br />They are rich in soil nutrients such as calcium carbonate, magnesium, potash and lime.<br />They are generally poor in phosphoric content.<br />These soils develop deep cracks during hot weather, which helps in the proper aeration of the soil.<br />These soils are sticky and difficult to work unless tilled immediately after the first shower or during the pre-monsoon period.<br />Black soil<br /><br />11.3 RED AND YELLOW SOIL:<br />Features of Red and Yellow soil:<br />They develop on crystalline igneous rocks in area of low rainfall.<br />These soil develop a reddish colour due to the presence of iron in crystalline & metamorphic rocks.<br />It looks yellow when it occurs in a hydrated form.<br />They are found in parts of Orissa, Chattisgarh, southern parts of Middle Ganga plains.<br />They are also found in the piedmont zone of western ghats.<br /><br />Red and Yellow soil<br /><br />11.4 LATERITE SOIL:<br />Features of Laterite Soil:<br />· They are formed due to leaching process, due to heavy rains.<br />· They develop in areas with high temperature and heavy rainfall.<br />· Humus content of the soil is low because most of the micro organisms particularly the decomposers like bacteria get destroyed due to high temperature.<br />· They are suitable for cultivation with adequate doses of manures and fertilizers.<br />· These soils are mainly found in Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu, the soil is very useful for growing tea & coffee and cashew nut.<br /><br /><br />Laterite Soil<br /><br />11.5 ARID SOILS:<br />Features of Arid Soils:<br />They range from red to brown in colours.<br />They are generally sandy in texture and saline in nature.<br />In some area salt content is so high that common salt is obtained by evaporating the water.<br />Due to dry climate, high temperature evaporation is faster and the soil lacks humus & moisture.<br />In lower regions soil has Kankar in it because of the increasing calcium content.<br />It restricts the infilitration of water.<br />After proper irrigation these soil become cultivable, as it is done in western Rajasthan.<br />Arid Soil<br /><br /><br />11.6 FOREST SOIL:Features of Forest Soil:These soil are found in the hilly areas with rain forests.<br />Soil texture varies according to the mountain environment.<br />They are loamy & silty in valley sides.<br />They are coarse grained in the upper slopes.<br />In the snow covered areas of Himalyas, they experience denudation and are acidic with low humus content.<br />The soils are formed in the lower parts of the valley on the river terraces and alluvial fans are fertile.<br />Forest Soil<br /><br />12. SOIL EROSION<br />The denudation of the soil cover and subsequent washing down is called soil erosion.<br />Soil Erosion<br />12.1 CAUSES OF SOIL EROSIONS<br />Due to human activities like deforestation, over grazing, construction and mining etc.<br />Natural forces like wind, glacier and water also leads to soil erosion.<br />It is also caused due to defective methods of farming.<br />Ploughing in a wrong way i.e. up and down the slope from channels for the quick flow of water leading to soil erosion.<br /><br />12.2 VARIOUS TYPES OF SOIL EROSION<br />Gullies: The running water cuts through the clayey soils and makes deep channels called gullies.<br />Gully Erosion<br />Bad Lands: When the land becomes unfit for cultivation, it is called bad lands. Eg. Ravires in Chambal<br />Sheet Erosion: Sometimes water flows as a sheet over large areas down a slope. In such cases the top soil is washed away. It is called sheet erosion.<br />Wind Erosion: Wind blows loose soil off flat or sloping land is called wind erosion.<br /><br />13. SOIL CONSERVATION<br />Contour Ploughing: Ploughing along the contour lines can decelerate the flow of water down the slopes.<br />Terrace cultivation: Steps can be cut on the slopes making terraces, it restrict soil erosion. They are practiced in western & central Himalayas.<br />Strip Cropping: Large fields can be divided into strips. Strips of grass are left to grow between the crops. This breaks up the force of the wind.<br />Shelter Belts: Planting lines of trees to create shelter are shelter belts, which have contributed significantly to the stabilization of sand dunes.sunita sainihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08127441511723054454noreply@blogger.com11tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6493012253331726318.post-1608093522300558402008-07-02T10:31:00.000-07:002008-07-02T10:32:26.787-07:00LESSON - 1sunita sainihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08127441511723054454noreply@blogger.com7tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6493012253331726318.post-64045610582568780092008-04-15T09:16:00.000-07:002008-04-15T09:17:17.063-07:00Lesson 1<br /><br />NATIONALISM IN INDIA<br /><br />Various social groups and classes of Indians started a common struggle against a common enemy – the British rule. That is how a growing anger against the colonial government brought all of them together in the freedom struggle during the first half of 20th century. The congress under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi tried to channel people’s graininess into organized movements of independence. Through such movements the nationalists tried to forge a national unity. But as we have seen, diverse groups and classes participated in these movements with varied aspirations and expectations. As their grievances were wide ranging, freedom from colonial rule also meant different things to different people. The congress continuously attempted to resolve differences, and ensure that the demands of one group did not alienate another. This is precisely why the unity within the movement often broke down. The high points of congress activity and nationalist unity were followed by phases of disunity and inner conflict between the groups.<br /><br />1. Feeling of Nationalism in India<br />Growth of nationalism in India is connected to anti colonial movement.<br />People began discovering their unity in the process of their struggle against colonialism.<br />The sense of being oppressed under colonialism provided a shared bond that tied many different groups together.<br />Each class or group was affected by colonialism differently. So their notions of freedom were different.<br />The congress under Mahatma Gandhi tried to forge these groups together within one movement.<br /><br />2. Effects of the 1st World War<br />The war created a new economic and political situation. It led to a huge increase in defense expenditure which was financed by war loans and increasing taxes.<br />Customs duties were raised and income tax was introduced.<br />Through the war years prices increased leading to extreme hard ships for the common people.<br />Villages were called upon to supply soldiers and forced recruitment took place.<br />Crops failed in many parts of India resulting in acute shortage of food.<br />Influenza epidemic took place, people perished as a result of famines and the epidemic.<br /><br />3. The idea of Satyagrah<br />A novel method of mass agitation called Satyagraha was used by Gandhiji in South Africa against racist regime.<br />The idea of Satyagraha emphasized the power of truth and the need to search for the truth.<br />If the struggle was against injustices, then physical force was not necessary to fight the oppressor.<br />Mahatma Gandhi organized Satyagraha movements in various places in India.<br />1. In 1916, he traveled to Champaran in Bihar to inspire the peasants to struggle against oppressive plantation system.<br />2. In 1917, he organized a Satyagraha in Kheda District of Gujarat to support the peasants of Kheda who could not pay the revenue because of crop failure, plague epidemic.<br />3. In 1918, he went to Ahmedabad to organize a Satyagraha movement amongst cotton mill workers.<br /><br />3.1 The Rowlatt Act (1919)<br />· The act was passed by the Imperial Legislative Council.<br />· It gave the Government enormous power to repress political activities, and allowed detention of political prisoners without trial for two years.<br />· Gandhi wanted non violent disobedience against the unjust law; start with Hartal on 6th April 1919.<br /><br />3.2 Consequences of Rowlatt Act<br />Rallies were organized in various cities; workers went on strike in railways workshop, shops were closed down,<br />The British decided to clamp down on nationalists. Local leader were picked up from Amritsar, police fired on peaceful processions in Amritsar and the provoked Indians attacked the banks, post offices, railway stations, etc.<br />Martial law was imposed and General Dyer took command.<br /><br />4. Jallianwala Bagh Incident<br />On 13th April 1919 the infamous Jallianwala Bagh incident took place. On that day a crowd of villagers had come to Amritsar to attend a fair, they were unaware of the marital law.<br />General Dyer entered the area, blocked the exit points and opened fire on the crowd killing hundreds. He wanted to create a feeling of terror.<br /><br />4.1 Consequences of Jallianwala Bagh Incident<br />Crowds took to the streets in many North Indian towns. There were strikes, clashes with the police and attacks on the government building.<br />The government responded with brutal repression. Satyagrahis were forced to rub their noses on the ground, crawl on the streets; do salaam to all the sahibs. Villages were bombed.<br />Seeing violence spread, Gandhiji called off the movement.<br /><br />5. Khilafat Movement<br />The First World War ended with the defeat of Ottoman Turkey. There were rumors that a harsh peace treaty was going to be imposed on the Ottoman Empire.<br />To defend the Ottoman Empire and the spiritual head of the Khalifa the Head of Islamic world. Khilafat committee was formed in Bombay. This committee was organized by Ali brothers (Muhammed Ali and Shaukat Ali) in the year 1919.<br /><br />6. Non – Cooperation Movement<br />In his famous book Hind Swaraj, Mahatma Gandhi declared that British rule was established in India with the cooperation of Indians. If Indians refuse to cooperate British rule in India it would collapse and Swaraj would come.<br />Gandhiji proposed that the movement should unfold in stage.<br />For the success of the movement, it was necessary to bring Hindus and Muslims closer.<br />First Stage: Surrender of titles boycott of civil services, army, police, courts, legislative council, schools and foreign goods.<br />Second Stage: In case of repressive policy of British a full civil disobedience campaign would be launched.<br />Third Stage: Gandhiji toured extensively mobilizing popular support for the movement.<br /><br />6.1 Formal adoption of Non-Cooperation Movement<br />At the congress session at Nagpur (December, 1920) a compromise was worked out between the supporters and the opponents of the movement and the Non-cooperation Programme was formally adopted.<br /><br />6.2 Spread of Non-Cooperation Movement<br />All social groups responded to the call of Swaraj, but the term meant different things to different people.<br /><br />6.3 The Movement in the Towns<br />The movement started with middle class participation in the cities. Students left government controlled schools, colleges, Head masters and teachers resigned and the lawyers gave up their legal practices. Council elections were boycotted in most provinces.<br />Foreign goods were boycotted; liquor shops picketed, foreign clothes were burnt in huge bonfires.<br />The movement gradually slowed down because Khadi cloth was more expensive that mass produced mill cloth. Boycotting British institution posed a problem. There were no alternative except Indian Institutions. Quality jobs did not give them alternate source of income. Students and teachers went back to schools. Lawyers joined back the government courts.<br /><br />6.4 Reaction of peasants towards the call for Swaraj<br />In Awadh, peasants were led by Baba Ramchandra. The movement was against the Talukdars and landlords, who demanded high rent and variety of other taxes.<br />Peasants had to do begar and work at landlords place without any payment. They regularly had to evict the land so they could not acquire right over the leased land.<br />The peasants demanded reduction of revenue, abolition of begar, social boycott of oppressive landlords.<br />By October 1920, the Oudh Kissan Sabha was set up by Jawaharlal Nehru, Baba Ramchandra and few others.<br /><br />6.5 Congress response to the Awadh<br />Nehruji, Baba Ramchandra went around different villages in Awadh, trying to understand their grievances.<br />By October 1920, Oudh Kissan Sabha was setup.<br />The effort of congress was to integrate the ‘Awadh peasant struggle’ into the wider struggle.<br />As the movement spread, in 1921, the hours of talukdars and merchants were burnt, beggars looted. In many places, local leaders invoked to sanction all actions and aspirations.<br /><br />6.6 Tribal response to the call of Swaraj<br />Tribal peasants understood the message of Mahatma Gandhi and the idea of Swaraj in another way.<br />In the forest region, the colonial government had closed large forest areas preventing people from entering the forest to graze their cattle and collect fuel wood and fruit.<br />This angered the hill people as their livelihood and traditional rights were being denied.<br />When the government began forcing them to contribute begar for road building the Gudem Hill people of Andhra Pradesh revolted.<br />Alluri Sitaram Raju came to lead them. Sitaram Raju was inspired by Gandhiji so he motivated the people to wear Khadi and give up drinking, but he asserted the use of force for liberation.<br />The tribal people did not follow the non violence path of Gandhiji. They carried on Guerilla warfare for achieving Swaraj.<br /><br />6.7 Response to the call for Swaraj by the plantation workers<br />For plantation workers in Assam, freedom meant the right to move freely in and out of the confined space in which they were kept.<br />Under Inland Emigration Act of 1859, the plantation workers were not allowed to leave the tea gardens without permission.<br />When they heard of the non-cooperation movement, they left the plantation and headed home. They thought Gandhi Raj was coming and they would be given land in their own villages.<br />They never reached home in between they were caught by the police and brutally beaten up.<br />Like this, the term Swaraj was interpreted by various people in their own ways, imagining it to be a time when all suffering and troubles would be over.<br /><br />6.8 Withdrawal of Non-Cooperation Movement<br />In February 1922, Mahatma Gandhiji decided to withdraw the Non-cooperation movement. He felt the movement was turning violent in many places and the satyagrahis are needed to be properly trained before they would be ready for mass struggle.<br />At Chauri Chaura in U.P. a peaceful demonstration was fired upon. The angry mob in turn attacked the police station burning alive 22 police men.<br />Gandhiji was alarmed by the violence; hence he called off the movement.<br /><br />7 Formation of Swaraj Party<br />Within the congress, some leaders were by now tired of mass struggle and wanted to participate in the elections to the provincial councils that had been set up by the government of India act of 1919.<br />They felt it was important to oppose the British policies within the councils.<br />C.R.Das and Motilal Nehru formed the Swaraj Party within the Congress to argue for a return to council politics.<br />Young leaders like Jawaharlal Nehru and Subash Chandra Bose wanted more radical mass struggle for independence.<br /><br />8. Two Factors that shaped the Indian Politics<br />The first factor was the effect of the world wide economic depression. Agricultural prices began to fall from 1927 and collapsed after 1930.<br />Demand for agricultural goods fell and exports declined. The peasants found it difficult to sell their harvests and pay revenue.<br />The second factor, the new Troy government in Britain sent the Simon Commission. It was to look into the functioning of the constitutional system in India and suggest changes.<br /><br />9. Simon Commission (1928)<br />Seven member team under Sir John Simon.<br />Simon commission arrived in India in 1928, it was greeted with the slogan ‘Go back Simon’.<br />All the parties including the congress and the Muslim League participated in the demonstration.<br />The commission was boycotted because it did not have single Indian Member.<br /><br />9.1 Importance of Lahore Congress 1929 (Presidency of Jawaharlal Nehru)<br />26th January 1930 to be celebrated as an Independence Day.<br />People to take a pledge to struggle for complete independence.<br />A formal demand of Purna Swaraj or Complete independence was declared.<br /><br />10. Civil Disobedience Movement<br />On 31st January 1930, Gandhiji sent to Viceroy Irwin stating 11 demands. The most stirring of all was the demand to abolish the salt law. He gave an ultimatum, that if the demands were not fulfilled by 11th March 1930, the Congress would start a civil disobedience campaign.<br />People were asked not only to refuse cooperation with the British but also to break colonial laws such as salt law.<br />Gandhiji found salt a powerful symbol to unite the nation. Salt was something consumed by the rich and the poor alike, it was the most essential item of food.<br />Mahatma Gandhi declared that the tax on salt and the government monopoly over its production revealed as the most oppressive face of British Rule.<br />He started his famous march accompanied by 78 volunteers over 240 miles from Sabarmati Ashram to the coastal town of Dandi. They walked for 24 days. On 6th April, he reached Dandi and violated the law by making salt.<br /><br />10.1 Activities during the phase of Civil Disobedience Movement<br />Manufacturing salt and demonstration in front of government salt factories.<br />Boycott of foreign clothes.<br />Picketing of liquor shops.<br />Refusal of peasants to pay revenue.<br />Resignation by Village officials.<br />Violation of forest laws.<br /><br />10.2 Policy of the Government during the phase of Civil Disobedience<br />In the beginning the government ignored the movement, but soon got worried by the development and started arresting congress leaders.<br />Arrest of Abdul Gaffar Khan, led to violent clashes in Peshawar. Gandhiji’s arrest led to attack on police posts, law courts, railway stations, etc.<br />Peaceful Satyagrahis were attacked; women and children were beaten up.<br />Gandhiji once again called off the movement and entered into a pact with Lord Irwin.<br /><br />10.3 Gandhiji Irwin Pact 5th March 1931<br />Gandhiji consented to participate in a Round Table Conference in London and the Government agreed to release the political prisoners.<br /><br />10.4 How did the different social groups participate in the Civil Disobedience Movement?<br />Rich Peasant Communities: The patidars of Gujarat and the Jats of U.P. were active in the movement. They were producers of commercial crops and were hard hut by the trade depression. The refusal of the government to reduce the revenue demand led to wide spread resentment. They supported the civil disobedience movement because for them the fight for Swaraj was struggle against high revenues.<br />Poor Peasants: They were small tenants cultivating land they had rented from the landlords. As the depression continued, cash incomes became lesser; they found it difficult to pay rents.<br />Business Class: During the First World War, Indian merchants had made huge profits and had become powerful. They now reacted against colonial policies which restricted their business activities. They formed the Indian Industrial and Commercial Congress and the Federation of Indian Chamber of Commerce and Industries. Led by Purushottam Das Thakur and G.D. Birla, they joined Civil Disobedience Movement.<br />They saw Swaraj as a time when there would be no restriction on trade and industry.<br />Industrial Working Class: They fought against low wages, poor working condition. There were strikes, protest rallies and boycott campaigns.<br />Women: For Gandhiji salt march thousands of women came out of their homes to listen to him. In urban area they were from high caste families and in rural areas they came from rich peasant households. They began to see the service to the nation as a sacred duty of women.<br /><br />10.5 The Limits of Civil Disobedience Movement<br />All social groups were not moved by the concept of Swaraj and were reluctant to participate in the Civil Disobedience Movement.<br />For long the congress had ignored the untouchables, who called themselves ‘Dalits’ or ‘Oppressed’.<br />Gandhiji wanted to eliminate untouchability and called them ‘Harijans’, the Children of God.<br />He organized Satyagraha to secure their entry into temples and access to public wells, tanks, roads and schools.<br />But many dalit leaders began organizing themselves, demanding reserved seats in educational institutions and a separate electorate to choose Dalit members for legislative councils.<br />So Dalit participation in the Civil Disobedience Movement was limited.<br /><br />10.6 Poona Pact<br />Dr. B.R. Ambedkar organized the Dalits into the Depressed Class Association in 1930.<br />He clashed with Gandhiji at the Second Round Table Conference by demanding separate electorates for dalits.<br />When the British Government conceded his demand, Gandhiji began a fast unto death.<br />Ambedkar ultimately signed the ‘Poona Pact’ of September 1932, which gave the depressed classes reserved seats in provincial and central legislative councils but the were to be voted in by the general electorate.<br /><br />10.7 Muslim and the Civil Disobedience Movement<br />After the decline of the Non-cooperation Khilafat movement, a large section of Muslims felt alienated from the congress.<br />From mid 1920’s the congress came to be more associated with the Hindu Mahasabha.<br />The Hindu and Muslim communities organized religious processions, provoking communal riots.<br />The Congress and the Muslim league made efforts to renegotiate on alliance in 1927.<br />The negotiations over the question of representation failed in the all parties conference in 1928 as M.R. Jayakar of Hindu Mahasabha strongly opposed.<br />As a result the Civil Disobedience Movement started in an atmosphere of suspicion and distrust between Hindus and Muslims.<br />Muslim intellectuals were concerned about the status of Muslim as a minority within India. They feared, their culture and identity would be dominated by the Hindu Majority.<br /><br />11. Sense of Collective Belonging<br />A sense of collective belonging came partly through the experience of united struggles.<br />These were also a variety of cultural processes through which nationalism captured people’s imagination.<br />Like history, fiction folklore and some popular prints and symbols all played a part in the making of nationalism.<br /><br />11.1 Bharat Mata<br />In the 20th century with the growth of nationalism the identity of India came to be visually associated with the image of Bharat Mata. Abanindranath Tagore painted his famous image of Bharat Mata, she was portrayed as an ascetic figure, calm, composed, divine and spiritual.<br /><br />11.2 National Song<br />Bankim Chandra Chattopadhya in the 1870 wrote Vande Mataram as a hymn to the motherland. Later it was included in his novel ‘Anandmath’.<br /><br />11.3 Indian Folklore<br />In the late 19th century India, nationalists began recording folk tales sung by bards and they toured villages to gather folk songs and legends. It was essential to preserve one’s national identity and restore a sense of pride in one’s past. In Madras, In Bengal, Rabindranath Tagore led the movement for folk revival.<br /><br />11.4 Flags<br />During Swadeshi Movement in Bengal a tri-color flag was designed. It had eight lotus representing eight provinces of British India, a crescent moon representing Hindus and Muslims. By1921 Gandhiji designed the Swaraj Flag. It was also Tricolor and had a spinning wheel in the centre representing Gandhian ideal of self help.<br /><br />11.5 Reinterpretation of History<br />Looking into glorious past by the end of the 19th century many Indians felt that to instill a sense of pride in the nation, Indian history had to be thought about differently. Indians started looking into the past to rediscover India’s achievements. They wrote about the development in ancient times when art, architecture, science, mathematics, religion, culture, law, crafts and trade had flourished.<br />When past being glorified was Hindu and celebrated images were drawn from Hindu iconology, the people of other communities felt left-out.<br /><br />IMPORTANT TERMS<br />Nationalism: Patriotism; a feeling of collective belonging to one’s nation; sharing common feelings of identity.<br />Nation-states: A state having common territory and inhabited by people sharing common language, race, culture, etc.<br />Satyagraha: A method of agitation and protest, based on truth and non-violence. This was first introduced by Gandhiji in Indian National Movement.<br />Rowlatt Act: An Act passed by British Government in India in 1919. It authorized the government to arrest and imprisons a person without trial. The act was against civil rights.<br />Khalifa: The spiritual and temporal head of all Muslims or the Muslim world. Khalifa was also the ruler of Turkey till 1922.<br />Boycott: A method of resistance used by Indian nationalists under which they refused cooperation with the British in every sphere – stopping to use foreign goods by not attending British institutions.<br />Picket: A method of protest by which the people block the entrance of a shop, factory or office. One or more persons stand outside a place of work or shop to dissuade others from entering.<br />Begar: Forced labor compelling people to work free without any remuneration.<br />Martial Law: Law of military government. When martial laws were imposed, ordinary laws are suspended.<br />Civil Disobedience: Refusal to comply with certain laws as a method of peaceful protest.<br />Gudem rebels: The people who participated in the militant guerilla movement in the Gudem hills of Andhra Pradesh. It was a resistance movement against the colonial government who prevented the people from entering the forests for gazing their cattle or collect firewood or fruits from the region.<br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />MIND MAP<br /><br />Non-Cooperation Movement<br />A mass movement aim to achieve Swaraj.<br />Participation of all section of society but they gave different meaning to Swaraj.<br />Tremendous Hindu-Muslim unity.<br />Ultimately the movement called off by 1922.<br />First World-War<br />Brought economy misery.<br />Large scale demonstration.<br />Passing of Rowlatt Act to check demonstration.<br />Launch of Khilafat movement.<br />Jallianwala Bagh massacre.<br />Further arose the anger of the people.<br />Role of Mahatma Gandhi<br />Made national movement a mass movement.<br />Innovative method of Satyagraha attracted common people.<br />Champion of Hindu Muslim unity.<br />Great Social reforms.<br />Civil Disobedience<br />Aim to achieve Purna Swaraj.<br />Participation of people on large scale.<br />All that in lacked, Hindu Muslim unity.<br />Participation of women on large scale.<br />Called off by Gandhiji-Irwin Pactsunita sainihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08127441511723054454noreply@blogger.com5tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6493012253331726318.post-38171924584791645172007-12-02T07:05:00.000-08:002007-12-02T07:09:21.072-08:00<span style="color:#ff6600;">GENDER RELIGION AND CASTE CHAPTER—4<br /> POL. SCIENCE<br /><br /></span><br /><span style="color:#33ff33;"><br /></span><br /><span style="color:#ff6600;">GENDER AND POLITICS ---<br /><br /><br />GENDER DIVISIONS</span>—<br /><br /><span style="color:#6600cc;">This is a form of hierarchical social division seen everywhere, but is rarely recognized in the study of politics. The gender division tends to be understood as natural and unchangeable.<br /><br />PUBLIC/ PRIVATE DIVISION—<br /><br />1. Boys and girls are brought up to believe that the main responsibility of women is housework and bringing up children.<br />2. This is reflected in the sexual division of labour in most families; women do all work inside the home such as cooking, washing clothes and tailoring etc and men do all the work outside the home.<br />3. When these jobs are paid for, men are ready to take op these works in hotel industry or as tailors.<br /> The result of this division of labour is that although women constitute half of the humanity, their role in public life especially politics is minimal in most socities<br />1. earlier only men were allowed to participate in public affairs, vote and contest for public offices.<br />2. Gradually the gender issue was raised in poltics.<br />3. Women in different parts of the world organized and agitated for equal rights.<br />4. There were agitations in different countries for the extension of voting rights for women.<br />5. These agitations demanded improving the political and legal status of women and improving their educational and career opportunities.<br />6. More radical women’s movements aimed at equality in personal and family life as well. These movements are called FEMINIST WOMEN .<br /><br />We now find women working as sciencetists, doctors, engineers, lawyers, managers and college university teachers which were earlier not considered suitable for women<br /><br /><br /></span>sunita sainihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08127441511723054454noreply@blogger.com7tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6493012253331726318.post-18817593350825415332007-12-02T06:19:00.000-08:002007-12-02T06:22:41.528-08:00<span style="color:#3333ff;">POLITICS OF SOCIAL DIVISIONS----</span><br /><br /><span style="color:#cc33cc;">1. Combination of politics and social divisions is very dangerous.<br />2. If they start competing in terms of some existing social divisions, it can make social divisions into political divisions and lead to conflict, violence or even disintegration of the country.<br />3. Northern Island has bitter Ethno- political conflict, as its population is divided in Roman Catholics and Protestants.<br />4. The Catholics were represented by Nationalist party and demanded that Northern Island be unified with the Republic of Ireland.<br />5. The Protestants were represented by The Unionists, who wanted to remain with U.K.<br />6. Hundreds of civilians and security forces were killed in the fight between unionists and Nationalists.<br />7. It was only in 1998 that the UK govt. and the Nationalists reached a peace treaty after which their armed struggle was suspended<br />8. Yugoslavia’s political competition along religious and ethnic lines led to its disintegration.<br />9. Social divisions of one kind or the other exist in most of the countries of the world.<br />10. Social divisions affect voting in most countries as people from one community tend to prefer some party more than others.<br /></span><br /><span style="color:#3333ff;">THREE DETERMINANTS</span><br /><br /><span style="color:#009900;">Three Factors are crucial in deciding the outcome of politics of social divisions----<br />1. The outcome depends on how people perceive their identities. If people see their identities in singular terms, it becomes difficult to accommodate .Most people in our country see their identity as Indian as well as belonging to a particular religion or a language.<br />2. It depends on how political leaders raise the demands of any community. It is easier to accommodate demands that are within the constitutional framework and are not at the cost of another community.<br />3. It depends on the how the govt. reacts to the demands of different groups. If the govt. try to suppress a demand on the name of national unity, such attempts of forced integration sow the seeds of disintegration.<br /><br /> In a democracy, political expression of social divisions is very normal and can be healthy. But a positive attitude towards diversity and willingness to accommodate do not come about easily. Sometimes social differences can take the form of unacceptable level of social inequalities and injustice. The struggle against such inequalities sometimes takes the path of violence and defiance of state power. However democracy is the best way to fight for accommodating diversity.</span><br /><br /><span style="color:#660000;">ASSIGNMENT-</span><br /><br /><span style="color:#ff0000;">1. On what ground can people have differences?<br />2. Name one social diversity and one social identity among Tommy Smith, John Carlos and Peter Norman.<br />3. Which social differences are usually based on accident of birth?<br />4. Name some social groups or identities based on one’s own choice.<br />5. When does a social difference become a social division?<br />6. Justify giving an example that social divisions are not always dangerous.<br />7. “Social divisions of one kind or another exist in most countries “Justify.<br />8. “Social divisions affects politics” Explain giving two examples.<br />9. Explain three factors that determine the outcomes of politics of social divisions.<br />10. “Democracy is the best way to accommodate social diversities” Justify.<br /><br /><br /><br /><br />.</span>sunita sainihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08127441511723054454noreply@blogger.com5tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6493012253331726318.post-11428651407845611362007-11-25T02:29:00.000-08:002007-11-25T02:32:14.555-08:00<span style="color:#cc33cc;">DEMOCRACY AND DIVERSITY</span><br /><br /><span style="color:#006600;">In this chapter we are going to study that language and regions are not the only features that give a distinct identity to the people, but people also identify themselves with gender, caste, tribe, physical appearance, religion etc. We will study how democracy responds to social divisions, differences and inequalities.</span><br /><br /><span style="color:#cc33cc;">DIFFERENCES, SIMILARITIES, DIVISIONS-</span><br /><span style="color:#3333ff;">In the case of Belgium we noted that people who live in different regions speak different language. In Srilanka, we noted linguistic as well as religious differences. Thus social diversity can take different forms in different societies.</span><br /><br /><span style="color:#cc33cc;">ORIGIN OF SOCIAL DIFFERENCES-<br /></span><span style="color:#339999;">1. Social differences are based on accident if birth. As we don’t choose to belong to our community. We belong to it simply because we were born into it. People around us are male or female, tall and short, have different kinds of complexions, or have different physical abilities.<br />2. Some of our differences are based on our choices. Like some people do not believe in God or any religion. Some people choose to follow a religion other than one in which they were born. Most of us choose what to study what occupation to take up and which games to take part in.All this leads to formation of such groups that are based on our choices.<br /></span><span style="color:#cc33cc;">EVERY SOCIAL DIFFERENCES DOES NOT LEAD TO SOCIAL DIVISIONS-<br /></span><span style="color:#6600cc;">1. Social differences divide similar people from one another, but they also unite very different people.<br />2. People belonging to different social groups share differences and similarities cutting across the boundary of their groups.<br /></span><br /><span style="color:#cc33cc;">IT IS FAIRLY COMMON FOR THE PEOPLE-</span><br /><span style="color:#333399;">1. Belonging to the same religion to feel that they do not belong to the same community, because teir caste and sect is very different.<br />2. It is also possible for people from different religions to have the same caste and feel close to each other.<br />3. Rich and poor persons from the same family do not keep close relations with each other for they feel they are very different.<br /> Thus we all have more than one identity and can belong to more than one social group.</span><br /><br /><span style="color:#cc33cc;">OVERLAPPING AND CROSSCUTTING DIFFERENCES-<br /></span><span style="color:#6600cc;"><br />1. Social differences take place when some social difference overlaps with other differences. The difference between the blacks and whites becomes a social division in the U.S because the black tend to be poor, homeless and discriminated against. The other example is of Dalits who are also tend to be poor and landless They often face discrimination and injustices. This kind of situation produce social divisions, when one kind of social difference becomes more important then the other.<br />2. If social differences crosscut one another, it is difficult to put one group against the other. It means that groups that share a common interest on one issue are likely to be in different sides on a different issues. For example there are two countries—Northern Ireland and Netherlands. Both are Christians but divided between Catholics and Protestants. In Northern Ireland, class and religion overlaps with each other. In Netherlands, class and religion tend to cut across each other.<br /> Catholics and Protestants are about equally likely to be rich or poor. The result is that Catholics and Protestants have conflicts in Northern Ireland, while they do not do so in Netherlands. Overlapping social differences create possibilities of deep social divisions and tensions.<br />3. Social division of one kind or another exists in most countries. India is a vast country with many communities and Belgium is a small country with many differences. Even the countries like Germany and Sweden that were once very homogeneous. But they are also going through rapid changes with migrants in their countries. They bring with them different culture and tends to form a different social community.In this way most of the countries are multicultural.</span>sunita sainihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08127441511723054454noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6493012253331726318.post-55261348346801121852007-10-27T10:26:00.000-07:002007-10-27T10:32:11.820-07:00<span style="color:#666600;">HOW TO PROTECT WORKERS IN THE UNORGANISED SECTORS.--<br /><span style="color:#999900;">RURAL AREAS---</span><br /></span><span style="color:#006600;">1. In the rural areas, the unorganized sector comprises of landless agricultural laborers, small and marginal farmers, artisans etc.<br />2. Nearly 80% of rural household in India are in small and marginal farmers.<br />3. These farmers need to be supported for seeds, agricultural inputs, credit storage and market facility etc.<br /></span><span style="color:#999900;">URBAN AREAS---<br /></span><span style="color:#006600;">1. In urban areas unorganized sector comprises of workers in small scale industries, casual workers in construction, trade and transport etc. and those who work as street vendors, head load worker, rag pickers etc.<br />2. If they put small scale industry they also need govt. support for getting raw material and marketing of the production.<br />3. Casual workers need to be protected.<br /></span><br /><span style="color:#336666;">SC. ST.-----</span><br /><br />1. Majority of sc. St. are working in unorganized sector.<br />2. Besides irregular and low pay, these workers also face social discrimination.<br />3. Protection and support is necessary for both economic and social development.<br /><span style="color:#663366;">CLASSIFICATION OF SECTORS ON THE BASIS OF OWNERSHIP--</span><br /><br /><span style="color:#339999;">1. <span style="color:#336666;">PUBLIC SECTOR--</span> The govt. owns most of the assets and provides all services.<br />2. Their motive is social benefit.<br />3. Modern day govt. spends on these activities.<br />4. E.g. Railways post offices and banks etc.<br /><br />1. <span style="color:#336666;"> PRIVATE SECTOR--</span> Ownership of assets and delivery of is in the hands of private individuals or companies.<br />2. Their motive is to earn profit.<br />3. To get such services we have to pay money.<br />4. E.g. Reliance, Tisco, Birlas etc.<br /></span><br /><span style="color:#990000;">WHY GOVT. HAS TAKEN OVER SOME SERVICES--</span><br /><br /><span style="color:#009900;">1. Since private sectors will charge for the following activities like roads, bridges, railways, harbors, electricity, irrigation facilities etc. thus govt. has to take over such heavy spending activities and ensure their availability.<br />2. Govt. tries to supply electricity at reasonable rates so that industries and people can easily afford.<br />3. The govt. of India buys what and rice from the farmers and stores it in godowns. Then it sells it in low prices to consumers in ration shops and provides subsidy.<br />4. Govt. also provides health and education facilities, as these are primary responsibility of the govt.<br />5. Govt. also needs to pay attention to the aspect of human development such as availability of safe drinking water, housing facilities for the poor and food and nutrition.<br />6. It is also the duty of the govt. to take care of the poorest and most ignored regions of the country.</span><br /><br /><br /><span style="color:#666666;">ASSIGNMENT--<br /></span><span style="color:#cc0000;">Q1. What are the sectors of Indian economy explain briefly?<br />Q2. Give the differences between Primary, Secondary and Tertiary sectors by giving two examples of each.<br />Q3.The tertiary sector is becoming very important in India. Give three reasons.<br />Q4. How will u explain the term Disguised Unemployment?<br />Q5.State the imp. Characteristics of the three main types of unemployment.<br />Q6. Explain four important causes of unemployment in India. Which do you think is the most important one?<br />Q7.Briefly explain at least 4 strategies that the govt. of India has taken to reduce unemployment.</span>sunita sainihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08127441511723054454noreply@blogger.com8tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6493012253331726318.post-71539046710027654262007-10-20T11:42:00.000-07:002007-10-20T11:43:25.798-07:00<span style="color:#993399;">WHERE ARE MOST OF THE PEOPLE EMPLOYED?</span><br /><br /><span style="color:#666666;">1. The primary sector continues to be the largest employs even in the year2000.<br />2. Even though industrial output or production of goods went up by 8 times during the period, employment in the industry went up by 2.5 times.<br />3. More than half of the workers in the country are working in the primary sector mainly in the agriculture.<br />4. The secondary and tertiary sectors produce three fourths of the produce when they employ less than half of the people.<br />5. There are more people in agriculture than is necessary. So even if a few people are moved out, production will not be affected as workers in the agricultural sectors are underemployed.<br />6. Kind of underemployment is hidden in contrast to someone who does’nt have a job.<br />7. It means that even if we remove a lot of people from agricultural sector and provide them with proper work elsewhere, agriculture production will not suffer.<br />8. There are thousand of casual workers in the service sector in urban areas who search for daily employment. They are employed as painters, plumbers repair workers etc. Many of them do not find work everyday. There may be people who spend the whole day but earn very little.</span><br /><br /><span style="color:#993399;">HOW TO CREATE MORE EMPLOYMENT?</span><br /><br /><span style="color:#cc6600;">1. Govt. can spend some money to construct a well for poor farmers to irrigate their lands.<br />2. New dams and canals can be constructed to irrigate farms. This could lead to a lot of employment generation.<br />3. Govt. can provide facilities for transportation and storage of crops by constructing better roads and granaries. This activity can provide productive employment to farmers.<br />4. Local banks should give money as credit at reasonable rates of interest for seeds fertilizers, agricultural equipments and pumpsets to draw water.<br />5. Some industries could be set up in rural areas only to provide jobs to farmers.<br />6. Dal mills can be set up which can buy, process and sell dals in cities.<br />7. Opening of cold storage can give an opportunity for farmers to store their products like potatoes and onions and sell them when the price is good.<br />8. In villages near forest areas; honey collection centers can be put up, where farmers can come and sell wild honey.<br />9. Industries can be set up which process vegetables and agricultural products like potato, sweet potato rice, wheat, fruits etc. which can be sold in outside markets.<br />10. Schools should be set up for children of laborers for which we require more buildings, more teachers and school staff. 20 lakh jobs can be created in the education sector alone.<br />11. If we have to improve health of the people, we need many more doctors, nurses health workers etc. to work in rural areas.<br />12. Every state had a potential for increasing income and employment for people in that area. It could be tourism, regional craft industries or new services like IT.<br />13. If tourism as a sector is ignored, every year we can give additional employment to more than 35 lakh people.</span><br /><br /><span style="color:#993399;">ROLE OF CENTRAL GOVERNMENT----</span><br /><br />1. Central govt. in India recently made a law, implementing the right to work in 200 districts of India, it is called” NATIONAL RURAL EMPLOYMENT GURANTEE ACT” 2005 (NREGA 2005).<br />2. Under NREGA, all those who are able to, and are in need of work, have been guaranteed 100 days of employment in a year by the govt.<br />3. If the Govt. fails in its duty to provide employment, it will give employment allowances to the people.<br /><br /><span style="color:#993399;">CLASSIFICATION OF SECTORS ON THE BASIS OF EMPLOYMENT------</span><br /><br />1. Organised Sector<br />2. Unorganised Sector.<br /><span style="color:#993399;"><br />ORGANISED SE CTOR <br /></span><br /><span style="color:#000099;">1. It covers those enterprises or places of work where terms of employment are regular and assured.<br />2. They are registered by the Govt. and have to follow its rules and regulations which are given in factory Act, Payment of Gratuity Act Etc.<br />3. it is called organized because it has formal processes and procedures.<br />4. Some of them work on their own in these offices, they also have to register themselves with the Govt. and follow the rules and regulations.<br />5. Workers in the organized sector enjoy security of employment.<br />6. They are expected to work for a fixed no. of hours.<br />7. If they work more they are paid overtime.<br />8. They also get several other benefits like--- paid leave, payment during holidays, provident fund, gratuity etc.<br />9. They are supposed to get medical benefits, safe drinking water and safe working environment.<br />10. When they get retired they get pensions also.<br /><br /></span><span style="color:#993399;">UNORGANISED SECTOR----<br /></span><br /><span style="color:#336666;">1. They are small and scattered units, outside the control of Govt.<br />2. There are rules and regulations but they are not followed.<br />3. Jobs are low paid and often are not regular.<br />4. There is no provision for overtime, paid leave, holidays, leaves due to sickness etc.<br />5. Employment is not secured.<br />6. People can be asked to leave without any reason.<br />7. When there is any seasonal work, they become unemployed for a particular season.<br />8. This sector had a large no. of people, who are employed on their own such as selling on the streets or doing repair work, they also do not have stable salary.</span>sunita sainihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08127441511723054454noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6493012253331726318.post-22708739033154277022007-10-20T11:41:00.001-07:002007-10-20T11:41:30.261-07:00WHERE ARE MOST OF THE PEOPLE EMPLOYED?<br /><br />1. The primary sector continues to be the largest employs even in the year2000.<br />2. Even though industrial output or production of goods went up by 8 times during the period, employment in the industry went up by 2.5 times.<br />3. More than half of the workers in the country are working in the primary sector mainly in the agriculture.<br />4. The secondary and tertiary sectors produce three fourths of the produce when they employ less than half of the people.<br />5. There are more people in agriculture than is necessary. So even if a few people are moved out, production will not be affected as workers in the agricultural sectors are underemployed.<br />6. Kind of underemployment is hidden in contrast to someone who does’nt have a job.<br />7. It means that even if we remove a lot of people from agricultural sector and provide them with proper work elsewhere, agriculture production will not suffer.<br />8. There are thousand of casual workers in the service sector in urban areas who search for daily employment. They are employed as painters, plumbers repair workers etc. Many of them do not find work everyday. There may be people who spend the whole day but earn very little.<br /><br />HOW TO CREATE MORE EMPLOYMENT?<br /><br />1. Govt. can spend some money to construct a well for poor farmers to irrigate their lands.<br />2. New dams and canals can be constructed to irrigate farms. This could lead to a lot of employment generation.<br />3. Govt. can provide facilities for transportation and storage of crops by constructing better roads and granaries. This activity can provide productive employment to farmers.<br />4. Local banks should give money as credit at reasonable rates of interest for seeds fertilizers, agricultural equipments and pumpsets to draw water.<br />5. Some industries could be set up in rural areas only to provide jobs to farmers.<br />6. Dal mills can be set up which can buy, process and sell dals in cities.<br />7. Opening of cold storage can give an opportunity for farmers to store their products like potatoes and onions and sell them when the price is good.<br />8. In villages near forest areas; honey collection centers can be put up, where farmers can come and sell wild honey.<br />9. Industries can be set up which process vegetables and agricultural products like potato, sweet potato rice, wheat, fruits etc. which can be sold in outside markets.<br />10. Schools should be set up for children of laborers for which we require more buildings, more teachers and school staff. 20 lakh jobs can be created in the education sector alone.<br />11. If we have to improve health of the people, we need many more doctors, nurses health workers etc. to work in rural areas.<br />12. Every state had a potential for increasing income and employment for people in that area. It could be tourism, regional craft industries or new services like IT.<br />13. If tourism as a sector is ignored, every year we can give additional employment to more than 35 lakh people.<br /><br />ROLE OF CENTRAL GOVERNMENT----<br /><br />1. Central govt. in India recently made a law, implementing the right to work in 200 districts of India, it is called” NATIONAL RURAL EMPLOYMENT GURANTEE ACT” 2005 (NREGA 2005).<br />2. Under NREGA, all those who are able to, and are in need of work, have been guaranteed 100 days of employment in a year by the govt.<br />3. If the Govt. fails in its duty to provide employment, it will give employment allowances to the people.<br /><br />CLASSIFICATION OF SECTORS ON THE BASIS OF EMPLOYMENT------<br /><br />1. Organised Sector<br />2. Unorganised Sector.<br /><br />ORGANISED SE CTOR <br /><br />1. It covers those enterprises or places of work where terms of employment are regular and assured.<br />2. They are registered by the Govt. and have to follow its rules and regulations which are given in factory Act, Payment of Gratuity Act Etc.<br />3. it is called organized because it has formal processes and procedures.<br />4. Some of them work on their own in these offices, they also have to register themselves with the Govt. and follow the rules and regulations.<br />5. Workers in the organized sector enjoy security of employment.<br />6. They are expected to work for a fixed no. of hours.<br />7. If they work more they are paid overtime.<br />8. They also get several other benefits like--- paid leave, payment during holidays, provident fund, gratuity etc.<br />9. They are supposed to get medical benefits, safe drinking water and safe working environment.<br />10. When they get retired they get pensions also.<br /><br />UNORGANISED SECTOR----<br /><br />1. They are small and scattered units, outside the control of Govt.<br />2. There are rules and regulations but they are not followed.<br />3. Jobs are low paid and often are not regular.<br />4. There is no provision for overtime, paid leave, holidays, leaves due to sickness etc.<br />5. Employment is not secured.<br />6. People can be asked to leave without any reason.<br />7. When there is any seasonal work, they become unemployed for a particular season.<br />8. This sector had a large no. of people, who are employed on their own such as selling on the streets or doing repair work, they also do not have stable salary.sunita sainihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08127441511723054454noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6493012253331726318.post-18767143654214174242007-10-16T10:37:00.000-07:002007-10-16T10:41:17.631-07:00CHAPTER---2 SECTORS OF THE INDIAN ECONOMY<br /><br /><span style="color:#006600;">People are engaged in various economic activities producing goods and services.<br />There could be several ways of classifications depending on the purpose.<br />In this chapter we will study about these different ways of classifications.<br /></span><span style="color:#000099;">1. On the Basis of nature of activity<br /></span>a) Primary Sector<br />b) Secondary Sector<br />c) Tertiary Sector<br /><br /><span style="color:#000099;">2. On the basis of Employment<br /></span>a) Organised Sector<br />b) Unorganised Sector<br /><br /><span style="color:#000099;">3. On the basis of Ownership<br /></span>a) Public Sector<br />b) Private Sector<br /><br /><span style="color:#000099;">1. PRIMARY SECTOR---</span><br /><span style="color:#663366;"> There are many activities that are undertaken by directly using natural resources. Since most of the natural products we get are from agriculture, dairy, fishing, forestry, this sector is also called AGRICULTURE AND RELATED SECTOR.Eg--- Dairy, cultivation, mining of mineral ores etc.<br /></span><br /><span style="color:#000099;">2. SECONDARY SECTOR---<br /></span><span style="color:#663366;">It covers activities in which natural products are changed into other forms through ways of manufacturing that we associate with industrial activities.<br /> The product is not produced by nature but has to be made therefore some process of manufacturing is essential. Since this sector Gradually became associated with different kinds of industries that came up, it is also called as INDUSTRIAL SECTOR .Eg, Sugar of gur is manufactured form sugarcane, building from bricks and bread from wheat flour etc.</span><br /><br /><span style="color:#000099;">3. TERTIARY SECTOR---</span><br /><span style="color:#663366;">These are the activities that helped in development of primary and secondary sector.<br />These activities do not produce goods but they are an aid or support for the production process.<br /> Since these activities generate services rather goods, the tertiary sector is also called THE SERVICE SECTOR. Eg,Tranport, storage, communication, banking, trade etc, are some examples of tertiary sector.<br /></span><br /><span style="color:#009900;">HOW GDP OF OUR COUNTRY IS CACULATED?</span><br /><br />1. Values of goods and services should be used rather than adding up the actual numbers. Value of goods and services in three sectors are calculated and then added up.<br />2. Not every good or service that is produced and sold needs to be counted. It is required to add the final goods and services.<br />3. Intermediate goods are used in producing final goods and services. The value of final goods already includes the value of all the intermediate goods that are used in making the final goods.<br />4. The value of final goods and services produced in each section during a particular year provides the total production of the sector for that year. And the sum of production in the three sectors gives what is called the gross domestic product of a country<br /> GDP IS THE VALUE OF ALL FINAL GOODS AND SERVICES PRODUCED WITHIN A COUNTRY DURING A PARTICULAR YEAR.<br />5. Measurements of the GDP is done by a central govt. Ministry.This ministry with the help of Various govt. Departments of all Indian states, collect information relating to total volume of goods and services and their prices and then estimates the GDP.<br /><br /><span style="color:#990000;">HISTORICAL CHANGES IN SECTORS---<br /></span><br /><span style="color:#666666;">PRIMARY SECTOR----<br /></span>1. As the methods of farming changed farmers produce much more food then before.<br />2. Many people could take other activities also.<br />3. No. of craftsmen and traders increased.<br />4. Buying and selling activities increased.<br />5. Besides this people are opting jobs of transporters, army and administrators etc.<br /><span style="color:#666666;">SECONDARY SECTOR----</span><br />1. Over a long time, new methods of manufacturing were introduced, factories came up and started expanding.<br />2. People who worked in farms, started working in factories.<br />3. Secondary sector gradually became the most important in total production and employment.<br />4. Importance of sectors had changed.<br /><br /><span style="color:#666666;">TERTIARY SECTORS ---</span><br />1. There has been a further shift from secondary to tertiary sector.<br />2. Service sector has become most important in terms of total production.<br />3. Most of the working people are also employed in the service sector.<br /><br /><span style="color:#663300;">RISING IMPORTANCE OF TERTIARY SECTOR IN INDIA</span><br /><span style="color:#993399;">1. In any country several services such as hospitals, educational institutions, post and telegraph services, police stations, courts, village administrative offices, municipal corporations, banks, defence, transport, insurance companies etc are required.<br />2. Development of agriculture and industry leads to development of services like transport, trade, storage etc. Greater the development of the primary and secondary sectors more would be the demand for such services.<br />3. As income level rises people start demanding more services like eating out, tourism, shopping, private hospitals, private schools, professional training etc. especially in cities.<br />4. Over the past decade certain new services such as those based on information and communication technology have become important and essential. The production of these services has been rising rapidly.<br /></span>But remember ---<br /><span style="color:#993399;">1. Not all the service sectors are growing equally well.<br />2. Service sector in India employs different kinds of people.<br />3. At one end there are a limited number of services that employ highly skilled and educated workers.<br />4. On the other hand there are a large number of workers engaged in services like small shop keepers, repair persons, transport persons etc.<br />5. These people barely manage to earn a living yet they perform these services because no other job is available to them.<br />6. Hence only a part of this sector is growing in importance.<br /> </span>sunita sainihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08127441511723054454noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6493012253331726318.post-68784776101855919592007-10-03T09:35:00.000-07:002007-10-03T09:37:40.148-07:00MARIANNE<br /><br /><span style="color:#993300;">1. In France mother nation was called Marianne.<br />2. Her characteristics were withdrawn from liberty and republic---- the red cap, the tricolour and the cockade.<br />3. Statues were erected at the public places to remind the people of the national symbol of unity.<br />4. Her images were marked on the coins and stamps also.</span><br />GERMANIA:--<br /><br /><span style="color:#336666;">1.Germania was the name given to mother nation of Germany.<br />She wears a crown of oak leaves as it personifies heroism.<br />Meanings of the symbols<br /><br /><span style="color:#339999;"><br />ATTRIBUTE SIGNIFICANCE<br /></span><br />1. Broken chains being freed<br />2. Breast plate with eagle strength<br />3. Crown of the oak leaves heroism<br />4. Sword readiness to fight 5.Olive branches and the Sword willingness to make peace<br />6 .Black red and gold tricolor German flag of liberals<br />7. Rays of rising Sun beginning of a new era.<br /></span><br /><br />NATIONALISM AND IMPERIALISM<br /><br /><br /><span style="color:#993399;">During the last quarter of the19th century national groups became intolerant of each other and ever ready to go to war, because of their imperialist intentions.( Imperialism is when a powerful country forcibly occupy a weaker country to prove its strength )</span><br /><br />BALKAN PROBLEMS:---<br /><span style="color:#000099;">1.Balkan area comprising of modern day Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Greece, Macedonia, Croatia, Bosnia—Herzegovina, Slovenia, Serbia and Montenegro, whose inhabitants were Slavs<br />2 A large part of Balkans were under the control of Muslims Ottoman Empire.<br />3. Ottoman empire tried to tighten its hold on this part of Europe by introducing reforms and modernization.<br />4. Balkan countries decided to win back their independence by awakening the national feelings<br />5. Balkan area became the area of conflict.<br />6. Balkan countries were jealous of each other and had interest in overruling the other country.<br />7. Whereas imperialists powers had shown their interest in occupying them as their colonies..<br />8. This led to a series of wars and finally First World war.</span><br /><br />ANTI IMPERIALIST MOVEMENTS<br /><br /><span style="color:#006600;">1. Nationalism along with imperialism led Europe to disaster in 1914.<br />2. Many countries in 19th Century began to oppose imperial domination.<br />3. Anti imperialist movements were all nationalists.<br />4. They were inspired by the sense of collective national unity.<br />5. All the nations of the world developed the sense of nationalism<br />6. This concept of nation states had been accepted as natural and universal.<br /></span><span style="color:#ff0000;"><br />ASSIGNMENT<br /><br />Q1. Name any four countries where independent nation states did not exit during the mid 19th century in Europe.<br />Q2.Describe the three main demands of the liberal middle class men and women in Europe in mid 19th century.<br />Q3. Briefly describe in tree points the incident of 18th May 1848 in the German region in which the middle class professionals, political associations were fighting for an all German national assembly.<br />Q4. What did women do to fight for their rights in Germany?<br />Q5. Explain the impact of liberal movement on the monarch.<br />Q6. Describe in 8 points the process by which Germany was unified.<br />Q7. Explain briefly the impact of unification of Germany.<br />Q8. Describe in 8 points the process of unification of Italy.<br />Q9. Describe in three points the political conditions of Italy in the mid 19th century.<br />Q10. Name the 4 ethnic groups who inhabited the British Isles’<br />Q11. Briefly describe any four conditions prevailing in Ireland.<br />Q12. Explain the term Allegory.<br />Q13. How did artists personify the nation?<br />Q14. Mention two of the specific objects or symbols which represented Liberty Justice and the republic.<br />Q15.Who was Marianne?<br />Q16. Describe the allegory of German nation.<br />Q17. Explain the four changes which came in the nationalism towards the last quarter of the 19th century.<br />Q18. Name any 8 countries included in the Balkans.<br />Q19. What made the region of Balkans explosive?<br />Q20. Explain any three causes of conflict prevailing in the areas of Balkans.<br />Q21. Why the countries colonized by the European powers did, Began to oppose imperial domination? Explain three reasons.<br /> </span><br /><br /><span style="color:#6600cc;">LIST OF MAP ITEMS<br /><br />Outline political map of Europe.<br />1. for locating and labeling only; page6- Europe after the congress of Vienna1815. (Different states shown in the map of Europe. )<br />2. For identification only:- ( based on maps given on page 21.)<br />1. Sardinia<br />2. Kingdom of the two sicilies<br />3. Austrian Empire—Austria- hungry, Galicia<br />4. Ottoman empire<br />5. Kingdom of papal states Rome<br /></span>sunita sainihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08127441511723054454noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6493012253331726318.post-58408347732963145072007-09-28T10:10:00.000-07:002007-09-28T10:12:31.251-07:00<span style="color:#3366ff;">GERMANY:--</span><br />1. In Germany a large number of political associations of middle class professionals, businessmen and prosperous artisans were formed.<br />2. They all decided to note for an all German National Assembly at Frankfurt.<br />3. Parliament was convened in St. Paul’s Church in Frankfurt, where 831 elected representatives met.<br />4. They drafted a constitution for German nation, headed by a monarchy and ruled by a Parliament.<br />5. When the crown was offered to Frederich Wilhelm4, King of Prussia, he rejected it and joined other monarchies to oppose this proposal<br />6. Parliament was dominated by middle classes, who resisted the demands of workers therefore lost their support.<br />7. Troops were called and assembly was dissolved.<br /><br /><span style="color:#3333ff;">ISSUE OF WOMEN:-</span><br />1. Women were not given the right to vote yet.<br />2. Women formed their own political associations and took part in political meetings and demonstrations.<br />3. Besides this, they were not given the right to vote.<br /><br /><span style="color:#3333ff;">GERMAN UNIFICATION:--<br /></span><br />1. Nationalist feeling was widespread among Germans, who tried to topple monarchy in 1848.<br />2. This feeling was suppressed by the Monarch, army and landlords (called Junkers ) in Prussia.<br />3. Since then Prussia took leadership in the movement for national unification.<br />4. Its chief minister Otto Von Bismarck was the architect of this process, as he believed in the policy of Blood and Iron.<br />5. He took the help of army and Bureaucracy to form German nation.<br />6. Three wars were fought for about 7 years with Austria, Denmark and France and it ended in Prussian victory.<br />7. In January 1871an assembly of representatives of army, princes of German states, Prussian ministers and Bismarck gathered in hall of Mirrors in the palace of Versailles to proclaim new German state.<br />8. The new nation laid emphasis on modernizing the currency, banking, legal and judicious systems of Germany.<br /><br /><span style="color:#3333ff;">UNIFICATION OF ITALY:--<br /></span><br />1. Italy was also divided into separate states like Germany.<br />2. During the middle of the 19th century, Italy was divided into 7 states of which SARDINIA PIEDMENT was ruled by an Italian prince.<br />3. North---- was under Austrian Habsburg.<br />Centre---- was ruled by the Pope.<br />South----was under Bourbon king of Spain.<br />4. Many regional languages were spoken in all these states.<br /><br /><br /><span style="color:#3333ff;">ROLE OF MAZZINI:--<br /></span>1. During 1830’s Giuseppe Mazzini formed a secret society called, YOUNG ITALY To achieve his aim.<br />2. Ruler of Sardinia Piedmont, Victor Emmanuel ll got the responsibility to unite Italy.<br /><br /><span style="color:#3333ff;">ROLE OF CAVOUR AND GARIBALDI:--<br /><br /></span>1. Chief Minister Cavour like any other educated elite spoke French much better then Italian.<br />2. Keeping diplomatic relations with France, envisaged by Cavour, Sardinia Piedmont defeated France.<br /><br /><span style="color:#3333ff;">ROLE OF GARIBALDI:--<br /></span><br />1. Along with the troops armed volunteers led by Garibaldi also joined.<br />2. In 1860, they marched into south Italy and won kingdoms of Siclies from Spain.<br />3. In 1861, Victor Emmanuel ll was proclaimed king of united Italy.<br />4. Uneducated population of Italy was unaware of whatever was happening in Italy.<br /><br /><span style="color:#3333ff;">STRANGE CASE OF BRITAIN<br /></span><br />1. Great Britain was considered a model nation state.<br />2. Formation of nation state in England was a long drawn out process.<br />3. Primary inhabitants of England were –English, Welsh, Scot and Irish.<br />4. All these ethnic groups had their own cultural and political traditions.<br />5. But as English had grown wealthy, they extended their control over other nations of the island also.<br />6. English parliament was formed after the bloodless revolution of England in 1688.<br /><br /><span style="color:#3333ff;">SCOTLAND:--<br /></span><br />1. .England imposed its influence over Scotland in 1707 and declared itself as “United Kingdom of Great Britain”.<br />2. British Parliament had majority British in it.<br />3. Scotland culture was gradually suppressed by the British culture.<br />4. Catholics of Scotland revolted several times but were suppressed by Britain.<br /><br /><span style="color:#3333ff;">IRELAND:--</span><br /><br />1. Ireland had both Catholics and Protestants.<br />2. The English helped the Protestants to establish their dominance over Catholics in Ireland.<br />3. Catholics revolted but they were suppressed.<br />4. After a failed revolt of Wolfe Tone, in 1801, Ireland was included in England.<br />5. A new British nation was formed with the new British Flag of Union Jack and National Anthem, God save our noble king.<br /><br /><span style="color:#3333ff;">VISUALISING THE NATION:--<br /></span><br />1. It is the personification of a nation or giving face to a nation.<br />2. Artists of 18th and 19th century portrayed nation as a female figure.<br />3. The female figure became an Allegory of the nation.French artists portrayed ideas such as justice, liberty and republic as female allegory eg. Justice is portrayed through blindfolded woman carrying a pair of weighing scalessunita sainihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08127441511723054454noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6493012253331726318.post-76158868901169392932007-09-23T02:38:00.000-07:002007-09-23T02:42:53.852-07:00<span style="color:#ff0000;">ROMATICISM AND NATIONAL GLORY—<br /></span><span style="color:#33cc00;"><span style="color:#009900;">Romantic artists and ports generally critcised science and reasoning since they are focused on emotions.<br />They made an effort to inculcate the feeling of shared collective heritage of a nation.<br />It was done through folk songs, folkdances folk poetry that the spirit of nationalism was revived.<br />So collection of folk culture began which helped in the formation of ‘nation states’.<br />Emphasis was laid on vernacular language and the collection of folk lore for arising spirit of nationalism among illiterate people.<br />For example Poland was divided by Russia, Prussia and Austria.<br />Even though Poland did not exit on the map of Europe, but feeling of nationalism was kept alive.<br />Such as Karol Kurpinski, Kept this nationalist feeling alive by performing ‘Operas’ on the stage.<br />Language also played an important role in spreading nationalist message.<br />For example Russian language was imposed on polish who were living in Russian part.<br />In 1831 they raised an armed revolt against the Russians which was crushed.( Just like India’s revolt of 1857.)<br />As a protest the clergy began to use Polish language in the churches.<br />As a result large number of priests and Bishops were put in Jail or sent to colder Siberia.<br />Use of polish language was a symbol of struggle against Russian rule in Poland. </span><br /><br /></span><span style="color:#cc0000;">HUNGER HARDSHIP AND POPULAR REVOLTS----<br /></span><br /><span style="color:#cc33cc;">1. 1830’s were years of great economic hardships in Europe.<br />2. Population was increasing due to Industrial Revolution.<br />3. In these European countries, there were more job seekers then employment.<br />Population in the rural areas was migrating to cities to live in the unhealthy slums.<br />Cheap machine made goods were imported, giving tough competition to small producers in towns.<br />Aristocracy still prevailed in many parts of Europe where feudalism was prevailing and peasants were suffering under heavy debts.<br />Rise of food prices and bad harvest led to poverty in towns and countryside.<br /><br /></span><span style="color:#006600;">YEAR OF 1848 IN FRANCE.<br /><br /></span><span style="color:#996633;">1. Year of 1848 had food shortages, unemployment, which brought the people of Paris on the roads to beg.<br />2. Louis Philippe was forced to flee under such circumstances.<br />3. During this period a national assembly was formed with adult sufferage to all adult males above 21.<br />4. This govt. tried to provide employment to the people.<br />( Example of weavers of Silesia can be given.)<br /></span><br /><span style="color:#ff0000;">ASSIGNMENT<br />Q1. Describe briefly the first upheaval which took place in France in July 1830.<br />Q2. Explain briefly the impact of July revolution in France.<br />Q3. Describe briefly the Greek war of Independence.<br />Q4. How did culture played an equally important role in creating the idea of Nation.<br />Q5. Explain any three points about the concept of Romanticism<br />Q6. Name the three forms of folk culture through which true German culture was to be discovered among the common people.<br />Q7. Explain the three reasons for the emphasis on vernacular language and collection of folklore.<br />Q8. Explain four points about the hardships faced by small producers and the peasants in the cities of Europe.<br />Q9.Explain in 4 points the impact of food shortage and widespread unemployment in the year 1848 in Paris.<br />Describe the main cause of the weavers uprising in Silesia.<br />How did the Wilhelm Wolff describe the event of weavers of Silesia.<br />How did the weavers react against these exploitations by the contractors in Silesia? Explain 4 points.</span>sunita sainihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08127441511723054454noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6493012253331726318.post-46417808922448062952007-09-16T11:02:00.000-07:002007-09-16T11:05:44.970-07:00<span style="color:#3333ff;">MAKING OF NATIONALISM IN EUROPE<br /></span><br /><span style="color:#000099;">European countries were ruled in19th century by various dynastic rulers over regions having diverse population.<br />For example, Habusburg Dynasty ruled over regions of Austria, Hungry, Italian provinces of Lombardy and Venetia, German speaking Sudetenland and Polish speaking Galicia.<br />In Hungry common people spoke Magyar, while the other half spoke a variety of languages.<br />Besides these dominant groups, there also lived a no. of subject peasants<br />- In the north Bohemians and Slovaks.<br />- In south lived Slovenes in Carrillo and Croats.<br />- In the east in Transylvania lived Romans.<br />Except for allegiance to a common ruler, there was hardly any political unity in Europe.<br /><br /><span style="color:#3333ff;">THE ARISTOCRACY AND THE NEW MIDDLE CLASS.<br /></span><br />Landed Aristocracy was the dominant class in the continent.<br />They owned Estates in the countryside and also town houses.<br />They spoke French language for living in high society.<br />The no. of this powerful Aristocracy was however less.<br />Their families were often connected by the ties of marriages.<br />Majority of the population was of tenant peasants.<br />In the west majority of the land was cultivated by small farmers and tenants and in the eastern and central Europe there were vast estates owned by landlords and cultivated by tenants,<br />In the western and central Europe there was growth of industrial production and trade leading to the growth of towns and commercial classes.<br />With the industrialization, there began the growth of a new social group of working class, middle class having industrialists, businessmen and professionals.<br />In central and eastern Europe these groups were smaller in no.<br />This educated and middle class only later on adopted the ideas of national unity.<br /><br /><span style="color:#3333ff;">WHAT DID LIBERAL NATIONALISM STANDS FOR?<br /></span><br />Ideas of national unity were closely related to the ideology of liberalism.<br />The term liberalism has been derived from the Latin word ‘liber’, meaning free.<br />For the new middle class liberalism stood for freedom and for others it stood for equality of all before the law.<br />Politically it means government by consent.<br />Since the French revolution liberalism meant for the end of autocracy and a government having parliament with the representatives of the people.<br />They also stood against the private property.<br /><br /><span style="color:#3333ff;">POLITICAL LIBERALISM</span><br /><br />So far equality before the law did not mean universal adult franchise.<br />In France the right to vote and get elected was given only to the property owners.<br />Women were also not allowed to vote.<br />Only Jacobins allowed adult franchise for a short period.<br />However Napoleon reduced the status of women of a minor in a patriarchal society.<br />So throughout the 19th century women and non propertied people organized movements in protest.<br /><br /><span style="color:#3333ff;">ECONOMIC LIBERALISM</span><br /><br />Liberalism stood for the freedoms of markets and abolition of state imposed restrictions.<br />During 19th century this was a strong demand of the existing middle class.<br />For example Napoleon crated out of countless small principalities a confederation of 39 states.<br />Each of these states had their own currency and weights and measures.<br />A merchant traveling in 1833 from Habusberg to Nuremberg to sell his goods had to pass through 11 customs barriers.<br />Duties were often levied according to the weights and measurements of the goods.<br />Such conditions were not good for the creation of a uniform economic system in all the territories.<br />in 1834 a common union or’ zullverein ‘ was formed by Prussia and later on joined by most of the German states.<br />This union abolished tariff barriers and reduced the number of currencies from thirty to two.<br />The introduction of railways further helped in the mobility.<br /><br /><span style="color:#3333ff;">A NEW CONSERVATISM AFTER 1815</span><br /><br />After the defeat of Napoleon in1815 there was CONSERVATISM in Europe.<br />Conservatives believed in the resetting of monarchy, the church, social hierarchy properties and families.<br />Conservatisms believed that modernization in fact strengthen traditional monarchy.<br />It could make state powers more effective and strong.<br />Conservatism believed a modern army, an efficient bureaucracy, a dynamic economy and abolition of feudalism and serfdom could strengthen the monarchies in Europe<br /><br /><span style="color:#3333ff;">CONGRESS OF VIENNA<br /></span><br />After the defeat of Napoleon, European powers--- Britain, Russia, Prussia and Austria met at Vienna.<br />The congress was hosted by Austrian Chancellor Duke Metternich.<br />The Bourbon Dynasty was restored to power and France had lost all the territories it had occupied under Napoleon.<br />Kingdom of Netherlands was set up in north and Genoa was added to Piedmont, an Italian empire.<br />But the German confederation of 39 stated that had been set up by Napoleon was left untouched.<br />In the east, Russia was given Poland while Prussia was given a portion of Saxony.<br />The main intention behind all this was to restore monarchies, a new conservative order in Europe.<br /><br /><span style="color:#3333ff;">CONSERVATIVE REGIMES.<br /></span><br />Almost all the conservative regimes set up in 1815 were autocratic.<br />They did not tolerate criticism and neither accept anything against autocratic govts<br />Most of them imposed censorship on press, plays and songs which reflected the idea of liberty and fraternity.<br />The memory of French Revolution continued to inspire liberals.<br />One of the major issues taken up by liberal nationalists, was the freedom of press.<br /><br /><span style="color:#3333ff;">THE REVOLUTIONARIES.</span><br /><br />The fear of repression drove many liberal nationalists underground to form’ Secret Societies’’, to train revolutionaries and spread their ideas.<br />A revolutionary used to have commitment to oppose monarchical form of govt. that had been established after Vienna Congress<br />These revolutionaries believed in liberty and freedom from the monarchies and establishment of Nation States<br /><br /><span style="color:#3333ff;">ROLE OF MAZZINI<br /></span><br />An Italian revolutionaries Mzzini also became a member of the secret society.<br />As a young man of 24, he was sent to exile in 1831 for attempting a revolution.<br />He then founded two more societies-<br />--- Young Italy in Marseilles<br />--- Young Europe in Berne.<br />Their members had similar views. They were from Poland France, Italy and German states.<br />Mazzini believed that God wanted nations to be united.<br />So he wanted Italy to be unified into a single unit or a united nation.<br />Mazzini’s opposition to Monarchy frightened the conservatives<br /><br /><span style="color:#ff0000;">ASSIGNMENT.</span><br /><br />Why was ‘Zollverein’ set up in Prussia in 1834? What was its significance?<br />Who was Metternich?<br />Name four European powers that collectively defeated Napoleon.<br />With what aim was the treaty of Vienna signed?<br />Name two secret societies set up in Italy in the early 19th century.<br />Who was Mazzini? What was his role in the unification of Italy?<br /><br /><br /></span><span style="color:#009900;"><span style="color:#3333ff;">AGE OF REVOLUTIONS:: 1830—1848<br /><br />LIBERAL NATIONALISM—<br /></span><br />The first upheaval took place in France in 1830.<br />These revolutions were led by liberal nationalists belonging to educated middle class elite, consisted of professors, school teachers, clerks and traders etc.<br /><br /><span style="color:#3333ff;">FRENCH REVOLUTION OF 1830—</span><br /><br />The first upheaval took place in France in 1830.<br />The Bourbon kings were now overthrown by liberal revolutionaries and they installed constitutional monarchy with Louis Philippe as its head.<br />Metternich remarked that” When French sneezes, rest of the Europe catches cold.”, means anything which began in France, spreads like fire in other European countries.<br />For example Belgium broke away from the Kingdom of Netherlands.<br /><br /><span style="color:#3333ff;">GREEK WAR OF INDEPENDENCE---</span><br /><br />Nationalist feeling of educated elite was mobilized by Greek war of independence.<br />Greece was a part of Ottoman Empire since 15th century.<br />Greeks began their struggle of independence in 1821.<br />Nationalists in Greece got support from the Greeks living abroad and from some western European countries, who had sympathies for ancient Greek culture.<br />Poets and artists had supported this nationalist struggle<br />Finally in the treaty of Constantinople, Greece became independent in 1832..<br /></span>sunita sainihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08127441511723054454noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6493012253331726318.post-87652450989543943382007-09-12T23:41:00.000-07:002007-09-12T23:43:40.905-07:00Nationalism in EuropeFrench Revolution in 1789 <a href="http://images.google.co.in/imgres?imgurl=http://rmc.library.cornell.edu/images/frenchrev3.jpg&imgrefurl=http://rmc.library.cornell.edu/FRENCHREV/&h=458&w=300&sz=119&hl=en&start=4&tbnid=FMyABOOA5SmRYM:&tbnh=128&tbnw=84&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dfrench%2Brevolutio"></a><br /><br />1. France was a territorial state in 1789 under the rule of an absolute monarch.<br />2. Political and constitutional changes led to transfer of power from monarchy to democracy.<br />3. The revolution proclaimed people’s power in shaping the destiny of the nation.<br />4. The French revolutionaries introduced various measures and practices to create a sense of collectiveness amongst the French people.<br />5. Ideas of ‘Fatherland’ and ‘citizenship’ were emphasized and a notion of united nation, enjoying equal rights under one constitution was emphasized.<br />6. A new tricolor flag was chosen to replace the old monarchical flag.<br />7. The ‘ESTATES GENERAL’ a representative body was renamed as ‘THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY’.<br />8. New hymns were composed in the name of the nation.<br />9. A centralized administrative system was put for uniform laws for all citizens living in French territory.<br />10. Internal customs duties and dues were abolished and a uniform system of weights and measures was adopted.<br />11. ‘French’ became the language of the nation.<br />12. French revolutionaries also declared that it was the mission of the French to liberate the people of Europe from absolutism.<br />SPREAD OF NATIONALISM<br /><br />When the news of events in France reached the other countries, they also began forming ‘Jacobin Clubs’<br />With the outbreak of revolutionary wars in European countries, the French armies began to carry the idea of nationalism in other countries of Europe.<br /><br />ROLE OF NAPOLEAN BONAPARTE<br /><br />1. When Napoleon came to power in France, he introduced many reforms.<br />2. Though nap loan revived monarchy in France but his administrative system was more rational and efficient.<br />3. Napoleon’s code included ---<a href="http://images.google.co.in/imgres?imgurl=http://www.flholocaustmuseum.org/history_wing/assets/room1/napoleon_bonaparte.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.flholocaustmuseum.org/history_wing/antisemitism/emancipation.cfm&h=340&w=500&sz=26&hl=en&start=1&tbnid=S-ADNtlK"> </a><a href="http://images.google.co.in/imgres?imgurl=http://www.conmemora.com/ims/napoleon_bonaparte_david_gran_san_bernardo_malmaison.jpg&imgrefurl=http://marketcom.over-blog.net/article-7040775-6.html&h=400&w=320&sz=95&hl=en&start=6&tbnid=tRu3o5OkXXfPaM:&tbnh=143&t"></a><br />4. a) No privileges based on birth<br />1. b) Equality before the law.<br />2. c) Secured the right to property.<br />3. This code reached the regions which were under French control.<br />4. In the Dutch Republic, in Switzerland, in Italy, In Germany, Napoleon abolished feudal system and simplified administrative division.<br />5. In the towns guild restrictions were removed.<br />6. Transport and communication system was improved.<br />7. Peasants, artisans,<br />8. Workers and new business class enjoyed this freedom.<br />9. They had realized that uniform laws, standardized weights and measures and a common national currency would help them to flourish.<br /><br /><br /><br />IN FRENCH REACTION OF THE LOCAL POPULATION RULE<br /><br />1. It was a mixed reaction.<br />2. In many places like Switzerland, Holland, Brussels, Milan etc. French armies were welcomed as MESSENGERS OF LIBERTY.<br />3. But soon it turned into hostility as they realized that their administrative changes did not go hand in hand with political freedom.<br />4. Increased taxation, censorship seemed to outweigh the advantages of administrative changes.<br /><br />ASSGNMENT—<br />Q1. What is ‘Nationalism’?<br />Q2. What is ‘statue of Liberty’?<br />Q3.What was ‘Estates General’ in France?<br />Q4. What was Napoleonic Code?<br />Q5.What was the reaction of local people in French rule?sunita sainihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08127441511723054454noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6493012253331726318.post-37286092232199108482007-09-07T00:44:00.000-07:002007-09-07T00:53:06.196-07:00French Revolution<div align="left"><span style="color:#000099;"><strong> <span style="color:#ff0000;">French Revolution in 1789 </span></strong></span><a href="http://images.google.co.in/imgres?imgurl=http://rmc.library.cornell.edu/images/frenchrev3.jpg&imgrefurl=http://rmc.library.cornell.edu/FRENCHREV/&h=458&w=300&sz=119&hl=en&start=4&tbnid=FMyABOOA5SmRYM:&tbnh=128&tbnw=84&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dfrench%2Brevolutio"></a><br /><span style="color:#000099;"><strong><br />1. France was a territorial state in 1789 under the rule of an absolute monarch.<br />2. Political and constitutional changes led to transfer of power from monarchy to democracy.<br />3. The revolution proclaimed people’s power in shaping the destiny of the nation.<br />4. The French revolutionaries introduced various measures and practices to create a sense of collectiveness amongst the French people.<br />5. Ideas of ‘Fatherland’ and ‘citizenship’ were emphasized and a notion of united nation, enjoying equal rights under one constitution was emphasized.<br />6. A new tricolor flag was chosen to replace the old monarchical flag.<br />7. The ‘ESTATES GENERAL’ a representative body was renamed as ‘THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY’.<br />8. New hymns were composed in the name of the nation.<br />9. A centralized administrative system was put for uniform laws for all citizens living in French territory.<br />10. Internal customs duties and dues were abolished and a uniform system of weights and measures was adopted.<br />11. ‘French’ became the language of the nation.<br />12. French revolutionaries also declared that it was the mission of the French to liberate the people of Europe from absolutism.<br />SPREAD OF NATIONALISM<br /><br />When the news of events in France reached the other countries, they also began forming ‘Jacobin Clubs’<br />With the outbreak of revolutionary wars in European countries, the French armies began to carry the idea of nationalism in other countries of Europe.<br /><br />ROLE OF NAPOLEAN BONAPARTE<br /><br />1. When Napoleon came to power in France, he introduced many reforms.<br />2. Though nap loan revived monarchy in France but his administrative system was more rational and efficient.<br />3. Napoleon’s code included ---</strong></span><a href="http://images.google.co.in/imgres?imgurl=http://www.flholocaustmuseum.org/history_wing/assets/room1/napoleon_bonaparte.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.flholocaustmuseum.org/history_wing/antisemitism/emancipation.cfm&h=340&w=500&sz=26&hl=en&start=1&tbnid=S-ADNtlK"><span style="color:#000099;"><strong> </strong></span></a><a href="http://images.google.co.in/imgres?imgurl=http://www.conmemora.com/ims/napoleon_bonaparte_david_gran_san_bernardo_malmaison.jpg&imgrefurl=http://marketcom.over-blog.net/article-7040775-6.html&h=400&w=320&sz=95&hl=en&start=6&tbnid=tRu3o5OkXXfPaM:&tbnh=143&t"></a><br /><span style="color:#000099;"><strong>4. a) No privileges based on birth<br />1. b) Equality before the law.<br />2. c) Secured the right to property.<br />3. This code reached the regions which were under French control.<br />4. In the Dutch Republic, in Switzerland, in Italy, In Germany, Napoleon abolished feudal system and simplified administrative division.<br />5. In the towns guild restrictions were removed.<br />6. Transport and communication system was improved.<br />7. Peasants, artisans,<br />8. Workers and new business class enjoyed this freedom.<br />9. They had realized that uniform laws, standardized weights and measures and a common national currency would help them to flourish.<br /><br /><br /><br />IN FRENCH REACTION OF THE LOCAL POPULATION RULE<br /><br />1. It was a mixed reaction.<br />2. In many places like Switzerland, Holland, Brussels, Milan etc. French armies were welcomed as MESSENGERS OF LIBERTY.<br />3. But soon it turned into hostility as they realized that their administrative changes did not go hand in hand with political freedom.<br />4. Increased taxation, censorship seemed to outweigh the advantages of administrative changes.<br /><br />ASSGNMENT—<br />Q1. What is ‘Nationalism’?<br />Q2. What is ‘statue of Liberty’?<br />Q3.What was ‘Estates General’ in France?<br />Q4. What was Napoleonic Code?<br />Q5.What was the reaction of local people in French rule?<br /><br /><br /> </strong></span></div>sunita sainihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08127441511723054454noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6493012253331726318.post-61765935025056664132007-08-31T00:45:00.000-07:002007-09-07T00:57:06.452-07:00History notes<div align="justify"><span style="color:#993399;">RISE OF NATIONALISM IN EUROPE<br /></span><br /><br /><span style="color:#33cc00;">According to the Sorrieu’s utopian vision the people of the World are grouped as distinct nations. They are identified through their FLAGS and NATIONAL COSTUME.<br />Leaders in the exercising of the rights and duties are USA and SWITZERLAND.<br />FRANCE, GERMANY AND ITALY, followed them.<br />We will study about the formation of nation states, in which a centralized power exercises control over a clearly defined territory<br />RISE OF NATIONALISM IN EUROPE .<br /><br /><br />According to the Sorrieu’s utopian vision the people of the World are grouped as distinct nations. They are identified through their FLAGS and NATIONAL COSTUME.<br />Leaders in the exercising of the rights and duties are USA and SWITZERLAND.<br />FRANCE, GERMANY AND ITALY, followed them.<br />We will study about the formation of nation states, in which a centralized power exercises control over a clearly defined territory </span></div>sunita sainihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08127441511723054454noreply@blogger.com4