GENDER RELIGION AND CASTE CHAPTER—4
POL. SCIENCE
GENDER AND POLITICS ---
GENDER DIVISIONS—
This is a form of hierarchical social division seen everywhere, but is rarely recognized in the study of politics. The gender division tends to be understood as natural and unchangeable.
PUBLIC/ PRIVATE DIVISION—
1. Boys and girls are brought up to believe that the main responsibility of women is housework and bringing up children.
2. This is reflected in the sexual division of labour in most families; women do all work inside the home such as cooking, washing clothes and tailoring etc and men do all the work outside the home.
3. When these jobs are paid for, men are ready to take op these works in hotel industry or as tailors.
The result of this division of labour is that although women constitute half of the humanity, their role in public life especially politics is minimal in most socities
1. earlier only men were allowed to participate in public affairs, vote and contest for public offices.
2. Gradually the gender issue was raised in poltics.
3. Women in different parts of the world organized and agitated for equal rights.
4. There were agitations in different countries for the extension of voting rights for women.
5. These agitations demanded improving the political and legal status of women and improving their educational and career opportunities.
6. More radical women’s movements aimed at equality in personal and family life as well. These movements are called FEMINIST WOMEN .
We now find women working as sciencetists, doctors, engineers, lawyers, managers and college university teachers which were earlier not considered suitable for women
Sunday, December 2, 2007
POLITICS OF SOCIAL DIVISIONS----
1. Combination of politics and social divisions is very dangerous.
2. If they start competing in terms of some existing social divisions, it can make social divisions into political divisions and lead to conflict, violence or even disintegration of the country.
3. Northern Island has bitter Ethno- political conflict, as its population is divided in Roman Catholics and Protestants.
4. The Catholics were represented by Nationalist party and demanded that Northern Island be unified with the Republic of Ireland.
5. The Protestants were represented by The Unionists, who wanted to remain with U.K.
6. Hundreds of civilians and security forces were killed in the fight between unionists and Nationalists.
7. It was only in 1998 that the UK govt. and the Nationalists reached a peace treaty after which their armed struggle was suspended
8. Yugoslavia’s political competition along religious and ethnic lines led to its disintegration.
9. Social divisions of one kind or the other exist in most of the countries of the world.
10. Social divisions affect voting in most countries as people from one community tend to prefer some party more than others.
THREE DETERMINANTS
Three Factors are crucial in deciding the outcome of politics of social divisions----
1. The outcome depends on how people perceive their identities. If people see their identities in singular terms, it becomes difficult to accommodate .Most people in our country see their identity as Indian as well as belonging to a particular religion or a language.
2. It depends on how political leaders raise the demands of any community. It is easier to accommodate demands that are within the constitutional framework and are not at the cost of another community.
3. It depends on the how the govt. reacts to the demands of different groups. If the govt. try to suppress a demand on the name of national unity, such attempts of forced integration sow the seeds of disintegration.
In a democracy, political expression of social divisions is very normal and can be healthy. But a positive attitude towards diversity and willingness to accommodate do not come about easily. Sometimes social differences can take the form of unacceptable level of social inequalities and injustice. The struggle against such inequalities sometimes takes the path of violence and defiance of state power. However democracy is the best way to fight for accommodating diversity.
ASSIGNMENT-
1. On what ground can people have differences?
2. Name one social diversity and one social identity among Tommy Smith, John Carlos and Peter Norman.
3. Which social differences are usually based on accident of birth?
4. Name some social groups or identities based on one’s own choice.
5. When does a social difference become a social division?
6. Justify giving an example that social divisions are not always dangerous.
7. “Social divisions of one kind or another exist in most countries “Justify.
8. “Social divisions affects politics” Explain giving two examples.
9. Explain three factors that determine the outcomes of politics of social divisions.
10. “Democracy is the best way to accommodate social diversities” Justify.
.
1. Combination of politics and social divisions is very dangerous.
2. If they start competing in terms of some existing social divisions, it can make social divisions into political divisions and lead to conflict, violence or even disintegration of the country.
3. Northern Island has bitter Ethno- political conflict, as its population is divided in Roman Catholics and Protestants.
4. The Catholics were represented by Nationalist party and demanded that Northern Island be unified with the Republic of Ireland.
5. The Protestants were represented by The Unionists, who wanted to remain with U.K.
6. Hundreds of civilians and security forces were killed in the fight between unionists and Nationalists.
7. It was only in 1998 that the UK govt. and the Nationalists reached a peace treaty after which their armed struggle was suspended
8. Yugoslavia’s political competition along religious and ethnic lines led to its disintegration.
9. Social divisions of one kind or the other exist in most of the countries of the world.
10. Social divisions affect voting in most countries as people from one community tend to prefer some party more than others.
THREE DETERMINANTS
Three Factors are crucial in deciding the outcome of politics of social divisions----
1. The outcome depends on how people perceive their identities. If people see their identities in singular terms, it becomes difficult to accommodate .Most people in our country see their identity as Indian as well as belonging to a particular religion or a language.
2. It depends on how political leaders raise the demands of any community. It is easier to accommodate demands that are within the constitutional framework and are not at the cost of another community.
3. It depends on the how the govt. reacts to the demands of different groups. If the govt. try to suppress a demand on the name of national unity, such attempts of forced integration sow the seeds of disintegration.
In a democracy, political expression of social divisions is very normal and can be healthy. But a positive attitude towards diversity and willingness to accommodate do not come about easily. Sometimes social differences can take the form of unacceptable level of social inequalities and injustice. The struggle against such inequalities sometimes takes the path of violence and defiance of state power. However democracy is the best way to fight for accommodating diversity.
ASSIGNMENT-
1. On what ground can people have differences?
2. Name one social diversity and one social identity among Tommy Smith, John Carlos and Peter Norman.
3. Which social differences are usually based on accident of birth?
4. Name some social groups or identities based on one’s own choice.
5. When does a social difference become a social division?
6. Justify giving an example that social divisions are not always dangerous.
7. “Social divisions of one kind or another exist in most countries “Justify.
8. “Social divisions affects politics” Explain giving two examples.
9. Explain three factors that determine the outcomes of politics of social divisions.
10. “Democracy is the best way to accommodate social diversities” Justify.
.
Sunday, November 25, 2007
DEMOCRACY AND DIVERSITY
In this chapter we are going to study that language and regions are not the only features that give a distinct identity to the people, but people also identify themselves with gender, caste, tribe, physical appearance, religion etc. We will study how democracy responds to social divisions, differences and inequalities.
DIFFERENCES, SIMILARITIES, DIVISIONS-
In the case of Belgium we noted that people who live in different regions speak different language. In Srilanka, we noted linguistic as well as religious differences. Thus social diversity can take different forms in different societies.
ORIGIN OF SOCIAL DIFFERENCES-
1. Social differences are based on accident if birth. As we don’t choose to belong to our community. We belong to it simply because we were born into it. People around us are male or female, tall and short, have different kinds of complexions, or have different physical abilities.
2. Some of our differences are based on our choices. Like some people do not believe in God or any religion. Some people choose to follow a religion other than one in which they were born. Most of us choose what to study what occupation to take up and which games to take part in.All this leads to formation of such groups that are based on our choices.
EVERY SOCIAL DIFFERENCES DOES NOT LEAD TO SOCIAL DIVISIONS-
1. Social differences divide similar people from one another, but they also unite very different people.
2. People belonging to different social groups share differences and similarities cutting across the boundary of their groups.
IT IS FAIRLY COMMON FOR THE PEOPLE-
1. Belonging to the same religion to feel that they do not belong to the same community, because teir caste and sect is very different.
2. It is also possible for people from different religions to have the same caste and feel close to each other.
3. Rich and poor persons from the same family do not keep close relations with each other for they feel they are very different.
Thus we all have more than one identity and can belong to more than one social group.
OVERLAPPING AND CROSSCUTTING DIFFERENCES-
1. Social differences take place when some social difference overlaps with other differences. The difference between the blacks and whites becomes a social division in the U.S because the black tend to be poor, homeless and discriminated against. The other example is of Dalits who are also tend to be poor and landless They often face discrimination and injustices. This kind of situation produce social divisions, when one kind of social difference becomes more important then the other.
2. If social differences crosscut one another, it is difficult to put one group against the other. It means that groups that share a common interest on one issue are likely to be in different sides on a different issues. For example there are two countries—Northern Ireland and Netherlands. Both are Christians but divided between Catholics and Protestants. In Northern Ireland, class and religion overlaps with each other. In Netherlands, class and religion tend to cut across each other.
Catholics and Protestants are about equally likely to be rich or poor. The result is that Catholics and Protestants have conflicts in Northern Ireland, while they do not do so in Netherlands. Overlapping social differences create possibilities of deep social divisions and tensions.
3. Social division of one kind or another exists in most countries. India is a vast country with many communities and Belgium is a small country with many differences. Even the countries like Germany and Sweden that were once very homogeneous. But they are also going through rapid changes with migrants in their countries. They bring with them different culture and tends to form a different social community.In this way most of the countries are multicultural.
In this chapter we are going to study that language and regions are not the only features that give a distinct identity to the people, but people also identify themselves with gender, caste, tribe, physical appearance, religion etc. We will study how democracy responds to social divisions, differences and inequalities.
DIFFERENCES, SIMILARITIES, DIVISIONS-
In the case of Belgium we noted that people who live in different regions speak different language. In Srilanka, we noted linguistic as well as religious differences. Thus social diversity can take different forms in different societies.
ORIGIN OF SOCIAL DIFFERENCES-
1. Social differences are based on accident if birth. As we don’t choose to belong to our community. We belong to it simply because we were born into it. People around us are male or female, tall and short, have different kinds of complexions, or have different physical abilities.
2. Some of our differences are based on our choices. Like some people do not believe in God or any religion. Some people choose to follow a religion other than one in which they were born. Most of us choose what to study what occupation to take up and which games to take part in.All this leads to formation of such groups that are based on our choices.
EVERY SOCIAL DIFFERENCES DOES NOT LEAD TO SOCIAL DIVISIONS-
1. Social differences divide similar people from one another, but they also unite very different people.
2. People belonging to different social groups share differences and similarities cutting across the boundary of their groups.
IT IS FAIRLY COMMON FOR THE PEOPLE-
1. Belonging to the same religion to feel that they do not belong to the same community, because teir caste and sect is very different.
2. It is also possible for people from different religions to have the same caste and feel close to each other.
3. Rich and poor persons from the same family do not keep close relations with each other for they feel they are very different.
Thus we all have more than one identity and can belong to more than one social group.
OVERLAPPING AND CROSSCUTTING DIFFERENCES-
1. Social differences take place when some social difference overlaps with other differences. The difference between the blacks and whites becomes a social division in the U.S because the black tend to be poor, homeless and discriminated against. The other example is of Dalits who are also tend to be poor and landless They often face discrimination and injustices. This kind of situation produce social divisions, when one kind of social difference becomes more important then the other.
2. If social differences crosscut one another, it is difficult to put one group against the other. It means that groups that share a common interest on one issue are likely to be in different sides on a different issues. For example there are two countries—Northern Ireland and Netherlands. Both are Christians but divided between Catholics and Protestants. In Northern Ireland, class and religion overlaps with each other. In Netherlands, class and religion tend to cut across each other.
Catholics and Protestants are about equally likely to be rich or poor. The result is that Catholics and Protestants have conflicts in Northern Ireland, while they do not do so in Netherlands. Overlapping social differences create possibilities of deep social divisions and tensions.
3. Social division of one kind or another exists in most countries. India is a vast country with many communities and Belgium is a small country with many differences. Even the countries like Germany and Sweden that were once very homogeneous. But they are also going through rapid changes with migrants in their countries. They bring with them different culture and tends to form a different social community.In this way most of the countries are multicultural.
Saturday, October 27, 2007
HOW TO PROTECT WORKERS IN THE UNORGANISED SECTORS.--
RURAL AREAS---
1. In the rural areas, the unorganized sector comprises of landless agricultural laborers, small and marginal farmers, artisans etc.
2. Nearly 80% of rural household in India are in small and marginal farmers.
3. These farmers need to be supported for seeds, agricultural inputs, credit storage and market facility etc.
URBAN AREAS---
1. In urban areas unorganized sector comprises of workers in small scale industries, casual workers in construction, trade and transport etc. and those who work as street vendors, head load worker, rag pickers etc.
2. If they put small scale industry they also need govt. support for getting raw material and marketing of the production.
3. Casual workers need to be protected.
SC. ST.-----
1. Majority of sc. St. are working in unorganized sector.
2. Besides irregular and low pay, these workers also face social discrimination.
3. Protection and support is necessary for both economic and social development.
CLASSIFICATION OF SECTORS ON THE BASIS OF OWNERSHIP--
1. PUBLIC SECTOR-- The govt. owns most of the assets and provides all services.
2. Their motive is social benefit.
3. Modern day govt. spends on these activities.
4. E.g. Railways post offices and banks etc.
1. PRIVATE SECTOR-- Ownership of assets and delivery of is in the hands of private individuals or companies.
2. Their motive is to earn profit.
3. To get such services we have to pay money.
4. E.g. Reliance, Tisco, Birlas etc.
WHY GOVT. HAS TAKEN OVER SOME SERVICES--
1. Since private sectors will charge for the following activities like roads, bridges, railways, harbors, electricity, irrigation facilities etc. thus govt. has to take over such heavy spending activities and ensure their availability.
2. Govt. tries to supply electricity at reasonable rates so that industries and people can easily afford.
3. The govt. of India buys what and rice from the farmers and stores it in godowns. Then it sells it in low prices to consumers in ration shops and provides subsidy.
4. Govt. also provides health and education facilities, as these are primary responsibility of the govt.
5. Govt. also needs to pay attention to the aspect of human development such as availability of safe drinking water, housing facilities for the poor and food and nutrition.
6. It is also the duty of the govt. to take care of the poorest and most ignored regions of the country.
ASSIGNMENT--
Q1. What are the sectors of Indian economy explain briefly?
Q2. Give the differences between Primary, Secondary and Tertiary sectors by giving two examples of each.
Q3.The tertiary sector is becoming very important in India. Give three reasons.
Q4. How will u explain the term Disguised Unemployment?
Q5.State the imp. Characteristics of the three main types of unemployment.
Q6. Explain four important causes of unemployment in India. Which do you think is the most important one?
Q7.Briefly explain at least 4 strategies that the govt. of India has taken to reduce unemployment.
RURAL AREAS---
1. In the rural areas, the unorganized sector comprises of landless agricultural laborers, small and marginal farmers, artisans etc.
2. Nearly 80% of rural household in India are in small and marginal farmers.
3. These farmers need to be supported for seeds, agricultural inputs, credit storage and market facility etc.
URBAN AREAS---
1. In urban areas unorganized sector comprises of workers in small scale industries, casual workers in construction, trade and transport etc. and those who work as street vendors, head load worker, rag pickers etc.
2. If they put small scale industry they also need govt. support for getting raw material and marketing of the production.
3. Casual workers need to be protected.
SC. ST.-----
1. Majority of sc. St. are working in unorganized sector.
2. Besides irregular and low pay, these workers also face social discrimination.
3. Protection and support is necessary for both economic and social development.
CLASSIFICATION OF SECTORS ON THE BASIS OF OWNERSHIP--
1. PUBLIC SECTOR-- The govt. owns most of the assets and provides all services.
2. Their motive is social benefit.
3. Modern day govt. spends on these activities.
4. E.g. Railways post offices and banks etc.
1. PRIVATE SECTOR-- Ownership of assets and delivery of is in the hands of private individuals or companies.
2. Their motive is to earn profit.
3. To get such services we have to pay money.
4. E.g. Reliance, Tisco, Birlas etc.
WHY GOVT. HAS TAKEN OVER SOME SERVICES--
1. Since private sectors will charge for the following activities like roads, bridges, railways, harbors, electricity, irrigation facilities etc. thus govt. has to take over such heavy spending activities and ensure their availability.
2. Govt. tries to supply electricity at reasonable rates so that industries and people can easily afford.
3. The govt. of India buys what and rice from the farmers and stores it in godowns. Then it sells it in low prices to consumers in ration shops and provides subsidy.
4. Govt. also provides health and education facilities, as these are primary responsibility of the govt.
5. Govt. also needs to pay attention to the aspect of human development such as availability of safe drinking water, housing facilities for the poor and food and nutrition.
6. It is also the duty of the govt. to take care of the poorest and most ignored regions of the country.
ASSIGNMENT--
Q1. What are the sectors of Indian economy explain briefly?
Q2. Give the differences between Primary, Secondary and Tertiary sectors by giving two examples of each.
Q3.The tertiary sector is becoming very important in India. Give three reasons.
Q4. How will u explain the term Disguised Unemployment?
Q5.State the imp. Characteristics of the three main types of unemployment.
Q6. Explain four important causes of unemployment in India. Which do you think is the most important one?
Q7.Briefly explain at least 4 strategies that the govt. of India has taken to reduce unemployment.
Saturday, October 20, 2007
WHERE ARE MOST OF THE PEOPLE EMPLOYED?
1. The primary sector continues to be the largest employs even in the year2000.
2. Even though industrial output or production of goods went up by 8 times during the period, employment in the industry went up by 2.5 times.
3. More than half of the workers in the country are working in the primary sector mainly in the agriculture.
4. The secondary and tertiary sectors produce three fourths of the produce when they employ less than half of the people.
5. There are more people in agriculture than is necessary. So even if a few people are moved out, production will not be affected as workers in the agricultural sectors are underemployed.
6. Kind of underemployment is hidden in contrast to someone who does’nt have a job.
7. It means that even if we remove a lot of people from agricultural sector and provide them with proper work elsewhere, agriculture production will not suffer.
8. There are thousand of casual workers in the service sector in urban areas who search for daily employment. They are employed as painters, plumbers repair workers etc. Many of them do not find work everyday. There may be people who spend the whole day but earn very little.
HOW TO CREATE MORE EMPLOYMENT?
1. Govt. can spend some money to construct a well for poor farmers to irrigate their lands.
2. New dams and canals can be constructed to irrigate farms. This could lead to a lot of employment generation.
3. Govt. can provide facilities for transportation and storage of crops by constructing better roads and granaries. This activity can provide productive employment to farmers.
4. Local banks should give money as credit at reasonable rates of interest for seeds fertilizers, agricultural equipments and pumpsets to draw water.
5. Some industries could be set up in rural areas only to provide jobs to farmers.
6. Dal mills can be set up which can buy, process and sell dals in cities.
7. Opening of cold storage can give an opportunity for farmers to store their products like potatoes and onions and sell them when the price is good.
8. In villages near forest areas; honey collection centers can be put up, where farmers can come and sell wild honey.
9. Industries can be set up which process vegetables and agricultural products like potato, sweet potato rice, wheat, fruits etc. which can be sold in outside markets.
10. Schools should be set up for children of laborers for which we require more buildings, more teachers and school staff. 20 lakh jobs can be created in the education sector alone.
11. If we have to improve health of the people, we need many more doctors, nurses health workers etc. to work in rural areas.
12. Every state had a potential for increasing income and employment for people in that area. It could be tourism, regional craft industries or new services like IT.
13. If tourism as a sector is ignored, every year we can give additional employment to more than 35 lakh people.
ROLE OF CENTRAL GOVERNMENT----
1. Central govt. in India recently made a law, implementing the right to work in 200 districts of India, it is called” NATIONAL RURAL EMPLOYMENT GURANTEE ACT” 2005 (NREGA 2005).
2. Under NREGA, all those who are able to, and are in need of work, have been guaranteed 100 days of employment in a year by the govt.
3. If the Govt. fails in its duty to provide employment, it will give employment allowances to the people.
CLASSIFICATION OF SECTORS ON THE BASIS OF EMPLOYMENT------
1. Organised Sector
2. Unorganised Sector.
ORGANISED SE CTOR
1. It covers those enterprises or places of work where terms of employment are regular and assured.
2. They are registered by the Govt. and have to follow its rules and regulations which are given in factory Act, Payment of Gratuity Act Etc.
3. it is called organized because it has formal processes and procedures.
4. Some of them work on their own in these offices, they also have to register themselves with the Govt. and follow the rules and regulations.
5. Workers in the organized sector enjoy security of employment.
6. They are expected to work for a fixed no. of hours.
7. If they work more they are paid overtime.
8. They also get several other benefits like--- paid leave, payment during holidays, provident fund, gratuity etc.
9. They are supposed to get medical benefits, safe drinking water and safe working environment.
10. When they get retired they get pensions also.
UNORGANISED SECTOR----
1. They are small and scattered units, outside the control of Govt.
2. There are rules and regulations but they are not followed.
3. Jobs are low paid and often are not regular.
4. There is no provision for overtime, paid leave, holidays, leaves due to sickness etc.
5. Employment is not secured.
6. People can be asked to leave without any reason.
7. When there is any seasonal work, they become unemployed for a particular season.
8. This sector had a large no. of people, who are employed on their own such as selling on the streets or doing repair work, they also do not have stable salary.
1. The primary sector continues to be the largest employs even in the year2000.
2. Even though industrial output or production of goods went up by 8 times during the period, employment in the industry went up by 2.5 times.
3. More than half of the workers in the country are working in the primary sector mainly in the agriculture.
4. The secondary and tertiary sectors produce three fourths of the produce when they employ less than half of the people.
5. There are more people in agriculture than is necessary. So even if a few people are moved out, production will not be affected as workers in the agricultural sectors are underemployed.
6. Kind of underemployment is hidden in contrast to someone who does’nt have a job.
7. It means that even if we remove a lot of people from agricultural sector and provide them with proper work elsewhere, agriculture production will not suffer.
8. There are thousand of casual workers in the service sector in urban areas who search for daily employment. They are employed as painters, plumbers repair workers etc. Many of them do not find work everyday. There may be people who spend the whole day but earn very little.
HOW TO CREATE MORE EMPLOYMENT?
1. Govt. can spend some money to construct a well for poor farmers to irrigate their lands.
2. New dams and canals can be constructed to irrigate farms. This could lead to a lot of employment generation.
3. Govt. can provide facilities for transportation and storage of crops by constructing better roads and granaries. This activity can provide productive employment to farmers.
4. Local banks should give money as credit at reasonable rates of interest for seeds fertilizers, agricultural equipments and pumpsets to draw water.
5. Some industries could be set up in rural areas only to provide jobs to farmers.
6. Dal mills can be set up which can buy, process and sell dals in cities.
7. Opening of cold storage can give an opportunity for farmers to store their products like potatoes and onions and sell them when the price is good.
8. In villages near forest areas; honey collection centers can be put up, where farmers can come and sell wild honey.
9. Industries can be set up which process vegetables and agricultural products like potato, sweet potato rice, wheat, fruits etc. which can be sold in outside markets.
10. Schools should be set up for children of laborers for which we require more buildings, more teachers and school staff. 20 lakh jobs can be created in the education sector alone.
11. If we have to improve health of the people, we need many more doctors, nurses health workers etc. to work in rural areas.
12. Every state had a potential for increasing income and employment for people in that area. It could be tourism, regional craft industries or new services like IT.
13. If tourism as a sector is ignored, every year we can give additional employment to more than 35 lakh people.
ROLE OF CENTRAL GOVERNMENT----
1. Central govt. in India recently made a law, implementing the right to work in 200 districts of India, it is called” NATIONAL RURAL EMPLOYMENT GURANTEE ACT” 2005 (NREGA 2005).
2. Under NREGA, all those who are able to, and are in need of work, have been guaranteed 100 days of employment in a year by the govt.
3. If the Govt. fails in its duty to provide employment, it will give employment allowances to the people.
CLASSIFICATION OF SECTORS ON THE BASIS OF EMPLOYMENT------
1. Organised Sector
2. Unorganised Sector.
ORGANISED SE CTOR
1. It covers those enterprises or places of work where terms of employment are regular and assured.
2. They are registered by the Govt. and have to follow its rules and regulations which are given in factory Act, Payment of Gratuity Act Etc.
3. it is called organized because it has formal processes and procedures.
4. Some of them work on their own in these offices, they also have to register themselves with the Govt. and follow the rules and regulations.
5. Workers in the organized sector enjoy security of employment.
6. They are expected to work for a fixed no. of hours.
7. If they work more they are paid overtime.
8. They also get several other benefits like--- paid leave, payment during holidays, provident fund, gratuity etc.
9. They are supposed to get medical benefits, safe drinking water and safe working environment.
10. When they get retired they get pensions also.
UNORGANISED SECTOR----
1. They are small and scattered units, outside the control of Govt.
2. There are rules and regulations but they are not followed.
3. Jobs are low paid and often are not regular.
4. There is no provision for overtime, paid leave, holidays, leaves due to sickness etc.
5. Employment is not secured.
6. People can be asked to leave without any reason.
7. When there is any seasonal work, they become unemployed for a particular season.
8. This sector had a large no. of people, who are employed on their own such as selling on the streets or doing repair work, they also do not have stable salary.
WHERE ARE MOST OF THE PEOPLE EMPLOYED?
1. The primary sector continues to be the largest employs even in the year2000.
2. Even though industrial output or production of goods went up by 8 times during the period, employment in the industry went up by 2.5 times.
3. More than half of the workers in the country are working in the primary sector mainly in the agriculture.
4. The secondary and tertiary sectors produce three fourths of the produce when they employ less than half of the people.
5. There are more people in agriculture than is necessary. So even if a few people are moved out, production will not be affected as workers in the agricultural sectors are underemployed.
6. Kind of underemployment is hidden in contrast to someone who does’nt have a job.
7. It means that even if we remove a lot of people from agricultural sector and provide them with proper work elsewhere, agriculture production will not suffer.
8. There are thousand of casual workers in the service sector in urban areas who search for daily employment. They are employed as painters, plumbers repair workers etc. Many of them do not find work everyday. There may be people who spend the whole day but earn very little.
HOW TO CREATE MORE EMPLOYMENT?
1. Govt. can spend some money to construct a well for poor farmers to irrigate their lands.
2. New dams and canals can be constructed to irrigate farms. This could lead to a lot of employment generation.
3. Govt. can provide facilities for transportation and storage of crops by constructing better roads and granaries. This activity can provide productive employment to farmers.
4. Local banks should give money as credit at reasonable rates of interest for seeds fertilizers, agricultural equipments and pumpsets to draw water.
5. Some industries could be set up in rural areas only to provide jobs to farmers.
6. Dal mills can be set up which can buy, process and sell dals in cities.
7. Opening of cold storage can give an opportunity for farmers to store their products like potatoes and onions and sell them when the price is good.
8. In villages near forest areas; honey collection centers can be put up, where farmers can come and sell wild honey.
9. Industries can be set up which process vegetables and agricultural products like potato, sweet potato rice, wheat, fruits etc. which can be sold in outside markets.
10. Schools should be set up for children of laborers for which we require more buildings, more teachers and school staff. 20 lakh jobs can be created in the education sector alone.
11. If we have to improve health of the people, we need many more doctors, nurses health workers etc. to work in rural areas.
12. Every state had a potential for increasing income and employment for people in that area. It could be tourism, regional craft industries or new services like IT.
13. If tourism as a sector is ignored, every year we can give additional employment to more than 35 lakh people.
ROLE OF CENTRAL GOVERNMENT----
1. Central govt. in India recently made a law, implementing the right to work in 200 districts of India, it is called” NATIONAL RURAL EMPLOYMENT GURANTEE ACT” 2005 (NREGA 2005).
2. Under NREGA, all those who are able to, and are in need of work, have been guaranteed 100 days of employment in a year by the govt.
3. If the Govt. fails in its duty to provide employment, it will give employment allowances to the people.
CLASSIFICATION OF SECTORS ON THE BASIS OF EMPLOYMENT------
1. Organised Sector
2. Unorganised Sector.
ORGANISED SE CTOR
1. It covers those enterprises or places of work where terms of employment are regular and assured.
2. They are registered by the Govt. and have to follow its rules and regulations which are given in factory Act, Payment of Gratuity Act Etc.
3. it is called organized because it has formal processes and procedures.
4. Some of them work on their own in these offices, they also have to register themselves with the Govt. and follow the rules and regulations.
5. Workers in the organized sector enjoy security of employment.
6. They are expected to work for a fixed no. of hours.
7. If they work more they are paid overtime.
8. They also get several other benefits like--- paid leave, payment during holidays, provident fund, gratuity etc.
9. They are supposed to get medical benefits, safe drinking water and safe working environment.
10. When they get retired they get pensions also.
UNORGANISED SECTOR----
1. They are small and scattered units, outside the control of Govt.
2. There are rules and regulations but they are not followed.
3. Jobs are low paid and often are not regular.
4. There is no provision for overtime, paid leave, holidays, leaves due to sickness etc.
5. Employment is not secured.
6. People can be asked to leave without any reason.
7. When there is any seasonal work, they become unemployed for a particular season.
8. This sector had a large no. of people, who are employed on their own such as selling on the streets or doing repair work, they also do not have stable salary.
1. The primary sector continues to be the largest employs even in the year2000.
2. Even though industrial output or production of goods went up by 8 times during the period, employment in the industry went up by 2.5 times.
3. More than half of the workers in the country are working in the primary sector mainly in the agriculture.
4. The secondary and tertiary sectors produce three fourths of the produce when they employ less than half of the people.
5. There are more people in agriculture than is necessary. So even if a few people are moved out, production will not be affected as workers in the agricultural sectors are underemployed.
6. Kind of underemployment is hidden in contrast to someone who does’nt have a job.
7. It means that even if we remove a lot of people from agricultural sector and provide them with proper work elsewhere, agriculture production will not suffer.
8. There are thousand of casual workers in the service sector in urban areas who search for daily employment. They are employed as painters, plumbers repair workers etc. Many of them do not find work everyday. There may be people who spend the whole day but earn very little.
HOW TO CREATE MORE EMPLOYMENT?
1. Govt. can spend some money to construct a well for poor farmers to irrigate their lands.
2. New dams and canals can be constructed to irrigate farms. This could lead to a lot of employment generation.
3. Govt. can provide facilities for transportation and storage of crops by constructing better roads and granaries. This activity can provide productive employment to farmers.
4. Local banks should give money as credit at reasonable rates of interest for seeds fertilizers, agricultural equipments and pumpsets to draw water.
5. Some industries could be set up in rural areas only to provide jobs to farmers.
6. Dal mills can be set up which can buy, process and sell dals in cities.
7. Opening of cold storage can give an opportunity for farmers to store their products like potatoes and onions and sell them when the price is good.
8. In villages near forest areas; honey collection centers can be put up, where farmers can come and sell wild honey.
9. Industries can be set up which process vegetables and agricultural products like potato, sweet potato rice, wheat, fruits etc. which can be sold in outside markets.
10. Schools should be set up for children of laborers for which we require more buildings, more teachers and school staff. 20 lakh jobs can be created in the education sector alone.
11. If we have to improve health of the people, we need many more doctors, nurses health workers etc. to work in rural areas.
12. Every state had a potential for increasing income and employment for people in that area. It could be tourism, regional craft industries or new services like IT.
13. If tourism as a sector is ignored, every year we can give additional employment to more than 35 lakh people.
ROLE OF CENTRAL GOVERNMENT----
1. Central govt. in India recently made a law, implementing the right to work in 200 districts of India, it is called” NATIONAL RURAL EMPLOYMENT GURANTEE ACT” 2005 (NREGA 2005).
2. Under NREGA, all those who are able to, and are in need of work, have been guaranteed 100 days of employment in a year by the govt.
3. If the Govt. fails in its duty to provide employment, it will give employment allowances to the people.
CLASSIFICATION OF SECTORS ON THE BASIS OF EMPLOYMENT------
1. Organised Sector
2. Unorganised Sector.
ORGANISED SE CTOR
1. It covers those enterprises or places of work where terms of employment are regular and assured.
2. They are registered by the Govt. and have to follow its rules and regulations which are given in factory Act, Payment of Gratuity Act Etc.
3. it is called organized because it has formal processes and procedures.
4. Some of them work on their own in these offices, they also have to register themselves with the Govt. and follow the rules and regulations.
5. Workers in the organized sector enjoy security of employment.
6. They are expected to work for a fixed no. of hours.
7. If they work more they are paid overtime.
8. They also get several other benefits like--- paid leave, payment during holidays, provident fund, gratuity etc.
9. They are supposed to get medical benefits, safe drinking water and safe working environment.
10. When they get retired they get pensions also.
UNORGANISED SECTOR----
1. They are small and scattered units, outside the control of Govt.
2. There are rules and regulations but they are not followed.
3. Jobs are low paid and often are not regular.
4. There is no provision for overtime, paid leave, holidays, leaves due to sickness etc.
5. Employment is not secured.
6. People can be asked to leave without any reason.
7. When there is any seasonal work, they become unemployed for a particular season.
8. This sector had a large no. of people, who are employed on their own such as selling on the streets or doing repair work, they also do not have stable salary.
Tuesday, October 16, 2007
CHAPTER---2 SECTORS OF THE INDIAN ECONOMY
People are engaged in various economic activities producing goods and services.
There could be several ways of classifications depending on the purpose.
In this chapter we will study about these different ways of classifications.
1. On the Basis of nature of activity
a) Primary Sector
b) Secondary Sector
c) Tertiary Sector
2. On the basis of Employment
a) Organised Sector
b) Unorganised Sector
3. On the basis of Ownership
a) Public Sector
b) Private Sector
1. PRIMARY SECTOR---
There are many activities that are undertaken by directly using natural resources. Since most of the natural products we get are from agriculture, dairy, fishing, forestry, this sector is also called AGRICULTURE AND RELATED SECTOR.Eg--- Dairy, cultivation, mining of mineral ores etc.
2. SECONDARY SECTOR---
It covers activities in which natural products are changed into other forms through ways of manufacturing that we associate with industrial activities.
The product is not produced by nature but has to be made therefore some process of manufacturing is essential. Since this sector Gradually became associated with different kinds of industries that came up, it is also called as INDUSTRIAL SECTOR .Eg, Sugar of gur is manufactured form sugarcane, building from bricks and bread from wheat flour etc.
3. TERTIARY SECTOR---
These are the activities that helped in development of primary and secondary sector.
These activities do not produce goods but they are an aid or support for the production process.
Since these activities generate services rather goods, the tertiary sector is also called THE SERVICE SECTOR. Eg,Tranport, storage, communication, banking, trade etc, are some examples of tertiary sector.
HOW GDP OF OUR COUNTRY IS CACULATED?
1. Values of goods and services should be used rather than adding up the actual numbers. Value of goods and services in three sectors are calculated and then added up.
2. Not every good or service that is produced and sold needs to be counted. It is required to add the final goods and services.
3. Intermediate goods are used in producing final goods and services. The value of final goods already includes the value of all the intermediate goods that are used in making the final goods.
4. The value of final goods and services produced in each section during a particular year provides the total production of the sector for that year. And the sum of production in the three sectors gives what is called the gross domestic product of a country
GDP IS THE VALUE OF ALL FINAL GOODS AND SERVICES PRODUCED WITHIN A COUNTRY DURING A PARTICULAR YEAR.
5. Measurements of the GDP is done by a central govt. Ministry.This ministry with the help of Various govt. Departments of all Indian states, collect information relating to total volume of goods and services and their prices and then estimates the GDP.
HISTORICAL CHANGES IN SECTORS---
PRIMARY SECTOR----
1. As the methods of farming changed farmers produce much more food then before.
2. Many people could take other activities also.
3. No. of craftsmen and traders increased.
4. Buying and selling activities increased.
5. Besides this people are opting jobs of transporters, army and administrators etc.
SECONDARY SECTOR----
1. Over a long time, new methods of manufacturing were introduced, factories came up and started expanding.
2. People who worked in farms, started working in factories.
3. Secondary sector gradually became the most important in total production and employment.
4. Importance of sectors had changed.
TERTIARY SECTORS ---
1. There has been a further shift from secondary to tertiary sector.
2. Service sector has become most important in terms of total production.
3. Most of the working people are also employed in the service sector.
RISING IMPORTANCE OF TERTIARY SECTOR IN INDIA
1. In any country several services such as hospitals, educational institutions, post and telegraph services, police stations, courts, village administrative offices, municipal corporations, banks, defence, transport, insurance companies etc are required.
2. Development of agriculture and industry leads to development of services like transport, trade, storage etc. Greater the development of the primary and secondary sectors more would be the demand for such services.
3. As income level rises people start demanding more services like eating out, tourism, shopping, private hospitals, private schools, professional training etc. especially in cities.
4. Over the past decade certain new services such as those based on information and communication technology have become important and essential. The production of these services has been rising rapidly.
But remember ---
1. Not all the service sectors are growing equally well.
2. Service sector in India employs different kinds of people.
3. At one end there are a limited number of services that employ highly skilled and educated workers.
4. On the other hand there are a large number of workers engaged in services like small shop keepers, repair persons, transport persons etc.
5. These people barely manage to earn a living yet they perform these services because no other job is available to them.
6. Hence only a part of this sector is growing in importance.
People are engaged in various economic activities producing goods and services.
There could be several ways of classifications depending on the purpose.
In this chapter we will study about these different ways of classifications.
1. On the Basis of nature of activity
a) Primary Sector
b) Secondary Sector
c) Tertiary Sector
2. On the basis of Employment
a) Organised Sector
b) Unorganised Sector
3. On the basis of Ownership
a) Public Sector
b) Private Sector
1. PRIMARY SECTOR---
There are many activities that are undertaken by directly using natural resources. Since most of the natural products we get are from agriculture, dairy, fishing, forestry, this sector is also called AGRICULTURE AND RELATED SECTOR.Eg--- Dairy, cultivation, mining of mineral ores etc.
2. SECONDARY SECTOR---
It covers activities in which natural products are changed into other forms through ways of manufacturing that we associate with industrial activities.
The product is not produced by nature but has to be made therefore some process of manufacturing is essential. Since this sector Gradually became associated with different kinds of industries that came up, it is also called as INDUSTRIAL SECTOR .Eg, Sugar of gur is manufactured form sugarcane, building from bricks and bread from wheat flour etc.
3. TERTIARY SECTOR---
These are the activities that helped in development of primary and secondary sector.
These activities do not produce goods but they are an aid or support for the production process.
Since these activities generate services rather goods, the tertiary sector is also called THE SERVICE SECTOR. Eg,Tranport, storage, communication, banking, trade etc, are some examples of tertiary sector.
HOW GDP OF OUR COUNTRY IS CACULATED?
1. Values of goods and services should be used rather than adding up the actual numbers. Value of goods and services in three sectors are calculated and then added up.
2. Not every good or service that is produced and sold needs to be counted. It is required to add the final goods and services.
3. Intermediate goods are used in producing final goods and services. The value of final goods already includes the value of all the intermediate goods that are used in making the final goods.
4. The value of final goods and services produced in each section during a particular year provides the total production of the sector for that year. And the sum of production in the three sectors gives what is called the gross domestic product of a country
GDP IS THE VALUE OF ALL FINAL GOODS AND SERVICES PRODUCED WITHIN A COUNTRY DURING A PARTICULAR YEAR.
5. Measurements of the GDP is done by a central govt. Ministry.This ministry with the help of Various govt. Departments of all Indian states, collect information relating to total volume of goods and services and their prices and then estimates the GDP.
HISTORICAL CHANGES IN SECTORS---
PRIMARY SECTOR----
1. As the methods of farming changed farmers produce much more food then before.
2. Many people could take other activities also.
3. No. of craftsmen and traders increased.
4. Buying and selling activities increased.
5. Besides this people are opting jobs of transporters, army and administrators etc.
SECONDARY SECTOR----
1. Over a long time, new methods of manufacturing were introduced, factories came up and started expanding.
2. People who worked in farms, started working in factories.
3. Secondary sector gradually became the most important in total production and employment.
4. Importance of sectors had changed.
TERTIARY SECTORS ---
1. There has been a further shift from secondary to tertiary sector.
2. Service sector has become most important in terms of total production.
3. Most of the working people are also employed in the service sector.
RISING IMPORTANCE OF TERTIARY SECTOR IN INDIA
1. In any country several services such as hospitals, educational institutions, post and telegraph services, police stations, courts, village administrative offices, municipal corporations, banks, defence, transport, insurance companies etc are required.
2. Development of agriculture and industry leads to development of services like transport, trade, storage etc. Greater the development of the primary and secondary sectors more would be the demand for such services.
3. As income level rises people start demanding more services like eating out, tourism, shopping, private hospitals, private schools, professional training etc. especially in cities.
4. Over the past decade certain new services such as those based on information and communication technology have become important and essential. The production of these services has been rising rapidly.
But remember ---
1. Not all the service sectors are growing equally well.
2. Service sector in India employs different kinds of people.
3. At one end there are a limited number of services that employ highly skilled and educated workers.
4. On the other hand there are a large number of workers engaged in services like small shop keepers, repair persons, transport persons etc.
5. These people barely manage to earn a living yet they perform these services because no other job is available to them.
6. Hence only a part of this sector is growing in importance.
Wednesday, October 3, 2007
MARIANNE
1. In France mother nation was called Marianne.
2. Her characteristics were withdrawn from liberty and republic---- the red cap, the tricolour and the cockade.
3. Statues were erected at the public places to remind the people of the national symbol of unity.
4. Her images were marked on the coins and stamps also.
GERMANIA:--
1.Germania was the name given to mother nation of Germany.
She wears a crown of oak leaves as it personifies heroism.
Meanings of the symbols
ATTRIBUTE SIGNIFICANCE
1. Broken chains being freed
2. Breast plate with eagle strength
3. Crown of the oak leaves heroism
4. Sword readiness to fight 5.Olive branches and the Sword willingness to make peace
6 .Black red and gold tricolor German flag of liberals
7. Rays of rising Sun beginning of a new era.
NATIONALISM AND IMPERIALISM
During the last quarter of the19th century national groups became intolerant of each other and ever ready to go to war, because of their imperialist intentions.( Imperialism is when a powerful country forcibly occupy a weaker country to prove its strength )
BALKAN PROBLEMS:---
1.Balkan area comprising of modern day Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Greece, Macedonia, Croatia, Bosnia—Herzegovina, Slovenia, Serbia and Montenegro, whose inhabitants were Slavs
2 A large part of Balkans were under the control of Muslims Ottoman Empire.
3. Ottoman empire tried to tighten its hold on this part of Europe by introducing reforms and modernization.
4. Balkan countries decided to win back their independence by awakening the national feelings
5. Balkan area became the area of conflict.
6. Balkan countries were jealous of each other and had interest in overruling the other country.
7. Whereas imperialists powers had shown their interest in occupying them as their colonies..
8. This led to a series of wars and finally First World war.
ANTI IMPERIALIST MOVEMENTS
1. Nationalism along with imperialism led Europe to disaster in 1914.
2. Many countries in 19th Century began to oppose imperial domination.
3. Anti imperialist movements were all nationalists.
4. They were inspired by the sense of collective national unity.
5. All the nations of the world developed the sense of nationalism
6. This concept of nation states had been accepted as natural and universal.
ASSIGNMENT
Q1. Name any four countries where independent nation states did not exit during the mid 19th century in Europe.
Q2.Describe the three main demands of the liberal middle class men and women in Europe in mid 19th century.
Q3. Briefly describe in tree points the incident of 18th May 1848 in the German region in which the middle class professionals, political associations were fighting for an all German national assembly.
Q4. What did women do to fight for their rights in Germany?
Q5. Explain the impact of liberal movement on the monarch.
Q6. Describe in 8 points the process by which Germany was unified.
Q7. Explain briefly the impact of unification of Germany.
Q8. Describe in 8 points the process of unification of Italy.
Q9. Describe in three points the political conditions of Italy in the mid 19th century.
Q10. Name the 4 ethnic groups who inhabited the British Isles’
Q11. Briefly describe any four conditions prevailing in Ireland.
Q12. Explain the term Allegory.
Q13. How did artists personify the nation?
Q14. Mention two of the specific objects or symbols which represented Liberty Justice and the republic.
Q15.Who was Marianne?
Q16. Describe the allegory of German nation.
Q17. Explain the four changes which came in the nationalism towards the last quarter of the 19th century.
Q18. Name any 8 countries included in the Balkans.
Q19. What made the region of Balkans explosive?
Q20. Explain any three causes of conflict prevailing in the areas of Balkans.
Q21. Why the countries colonized by the European powers did, Began to oppose imperial domination? Explain three reasons.
LIST OF MAP ITEMS
Outline political map of Europe.
1. for locating and labeling only; page6- Europe after the congress of Vienna1815. (Different states shown in the map of Europe. )
2. For identification only:- ( based on maps given on page 21.)
1. Sardinia
2. Kingdom of the two sicilies
3. Austrian Empire—Austria- hungry, Galicia
4. Ottoman empire
5. Kingdom of papal states Rome
1. In France mother nation was called Marianne.
2. Her characteristics were withdrawn from liberty and republic---- the red cap, the tricolour and the cockade.
3. Statues were erected at the public places to remind the people of the national symbol of unity.
4. Her images were marked on the coins and stamps also.
GERMANIA:--
1.Germania was the name given to mother nation of Germany.
She wears a crown of oak leaves as it personifies heroism.
Meanings of the symbols
ATTRIBUTE SIGNIFICANCE
1. Broken chains being freed
2. Breast plate with eagle strength
3. Crown of the oak leaves heroism
4. Sword readiness to fight 5.Olive branches and the Sword willingness to make peace
6 .Black red and gold tricolor German flag of liberals
7. Rays of rising Sun beginning of a new era.
NATIONALISM AND IMPERIALISM
During the last quarter of the19th century national groups became intolerant of each other and ever ready to go to war, because of their imperialist intentions.( Imperialism is when a powerful country forcibly occupy a weaker country to prove its strength )
BALKAN PROBLEMS:---
1.Balkan area comprising of modern day Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Greece, Macedonia, Croatia, Bosnia—Herzegovina, Slovenia, Serbia and Montenegro, whose inhabitants were Slavs
2 A large part of Balkans were under the control of Muslims Ottoman Empire.
3. Ottoman empire tried to tighten its hold on this part of Europe by introducing reforms and modernization.
4. Balkan countries decided to win back their independence by awakening the national feelings
5. Balkan area became the area of conflict.
6. Balkan countries were jealous of each other and had interest in overruling the other country.
7. Whereas imperialists powers had shown their interest in occupying them as their colonies..
8. This led to a series of wars and finally First World war.
ANTI IMPERIALIST MOVEMENTS
1. Nationalism along with imperialism led Europe to disaster in 1914.
2. Many countries in 19th Century began to oppose imperial domination.
3. Anti imperialist movements were all nationalists.
4. They were inspired by the sense of collective national unity.
5. All the nations of the world developed the sense of nationalism
6. This concept of nation states had been accepted as natural and universal.
ASSIGNMENT
Q1. Name any four countries where independent nation states did not exit during the mid 19th century in Europe.
Q2.Describe the three main demands of the liberal middle class men and women in Europe in mid 19th century.
Q3. Briefly describe in tree points the incident of 18th May 1848 in the German region in which the middle class professionals, political associations were fighting for an all German national assembly.
Q4. What did women do to fight for their rights in Germany?
Q5. Explain the impact of liberal movement on the monarch.
Q6. Describe in 8 points the process by which Germany was unified.
Q7. Explain briefly the impact of unification of Germany.
Q8. Describe in 8 points the process of unification of Italy.
Q9. Describe in three points the political conditions of Italy in the mid 19th century.
Q10. Name the 4 ethnic groups who inhabited the British Isles’
Q11. Briefly describe any four conditions prevailing in Ireland.
Q12. Explain the term Allegory.
Q13. How did artists personify the nation?
Q14. Mention two of the specific objects or symbols which represented Liberty Justice and the republic.
Q15.Who was Marianne?
Q16. Describe the allegory of German nation.
Q17. Explain the four changes which came in the nationalism towards the last quarter of the 19th century.
Q18. Name any 8 countries included in the Balkans.
Q19. What made the region of Balkans explosive?
Q20. Explain any three causes of conflict prevailing in the areas of Balkans.
Q21. Why the countries colonized by the European powers did, Began to oppose imperial domination? Explain three reasons.
LIST OF MAP ITEMS
Outline political map of Europe.
1. for locating and labeling only; page6- Europe after the congress of Vienna1815. (Different states shown in the map of Europe. )
2. For identification only:- ( based on maps given on page 21.)
1. Sardinia
2. Kingdom of the two sicilies
3. Austrian Empire—Austria- hungry, Galicia
4. Ottoman empire
5. Kingdom of papal states Rome
Friday, September 28, 2007
GERMANY:--
1. In Germany a large number of political associations of middle class professionals, businessmen and prosperous artisans were formed.
2. They all decided to note for an all German National Assembly at Frankfurt.
3. Parliament was convened in St. Paul’s Church in Frankfurt, where 831 elected representatives met.
4. They drafted a constitution for German nation, headed by a monarchy and ruled by a Parliament.
5. When the crown was offered to Frederich Wilhelm4, King of Prussia, he rejected it and joined other monarchies to oppose this proposal
6. Parliament was dominated by middle classes, who resisted the demands of workers therefore lost their support.
7. Troops were called and assembly was dissolved.
ISSUE OF WOMEN:-
1. Women were not given the right to vote yet.
2. Women formed their own political associations and took part in political meetings and demonstrations.
3. Besides this, they were not given the right to vote.
GERMAN UNIFICATION:--
1. Nationalist feeling was widespread among Germans, who tried to topple monarchy in 1848.
2. This feeling was suppressed by the Monarch, army and landlords (called Junkers ) in Prussia.
3. Since then Prussia took leadership in the movement for national unification.
4. Its chief minister Otto Von Bismarck was the architect of this process, as he believed in the policy of Blood and Iron.
5. He took the help of army and Bureaucracy to form German nation.
6. Three wars were fought for about 7 years with Austria, Denmark and France and it ended in Prussian victory.
7. In January 1871an assembly of representatives of army, princes of German states, Prussian ministers and Bismarck gathered in hall of Mirrors in the palace of Versailles to proclaim new German state.
8. The new nation laid emphasis on modernizing the currency, banking, legal and judicious systems of Germany.
UNIFICATION OF ITALY:--
1. Italy was also divided into separate states like Germany.
2. During the middle of the 19th century, Italy was divided into 7 states of which SARDINIA PIEDMENT was ruled by an Italian prince.
3. North---- was under Austrian Habsburg.
Centre---- was ruled by the Pope.
South----was under Bourbon king of Spain.
4. Many regional languages were spoken in all these states.
ROLE OF MAZZINI:--
1. During 1830’s Giuseppe Mazzini formed a secret society called, YOUNG ITALY To achieve his aim.
2. Ruler of Sardinia Piedmont, Victor Emmanuel ll got the responsibility to unite Italy.
ROLE OF CAVOUR AND GARIBALDI:--
1. Chief Minister Cavour like any other educated elite spoke French much better then Italian.
2. Keeping diplomatic relations with France, envisaged by Cavour, Sardinia Piedmont defeated France.
ROLE OF GARIBALDI:--
1. Along with the troops armed volunteers led by Garibaldi also joined.
2. In 1860, they marched into south Italy and won kingdoms of Siclies from Spain.
3. In 1861, Victor Emmanuel ll was proclaimed king of united Italy.
4. Uneducated population of Italy was unaware of whatever was happening in Italy.
STRANGE CASE OF BRITAIN
1. Great Britain was considered a model nation state.
2. Formation of nation state in England was a long drawn out process.
3. Primary inhabitants of England were –English, Welsh, Scot and Irish.
4. All these ethnic groups had their own cultural and political traditions.
5. But as English had grown wealthy, they extended their control over other nations of the island also.
6. English parliament was formed after the bloodless revolution of England in 1688.
SCOTLAND:--
1. .England imposed its influence over Scotland in 1707 and declared itself as “United Kingdom of Great Britain”.
2. British Parliament had majority British in it.
3. Scotland culture was gradually suppressed by the British culture.
4. Catholics of Scotland revolted several times but were suppressed by Britain.
IRELAND:--
1. Ireland had both Catholics and Protestants.
2. The English helped the Protestants to establish their dominance over Catholics in Ireland.
3. Catholics revolted but they were suppressed.
4. After a failed revolt of Wolfe Tone, in 1801, Ireland was included in England.
5. A new British nation was formed with the new British Flag of Union Jack and National Anthem, God save our noble king.
VISUALISING THE NATION:--
1. It is the personification of a nation or giving face to a nation.
2. Artists of 18th and 19th century portrayed nation as a female figure.
3. The female figure became an Allegory of the nation.French artists portrayed ideas such as justice, liberty and republic as female allegory eg. Justice is portrayed through blindfolded woman carrying a pair of weighing scales
1. In Germany a large number of political associations of middle class professionals, businessmen and prosperous artisans were formed.
2. They all decided to note for an all German National Assembly at Frankfurt.
3. Parliament was convened in St. Paul’s Church in Frankfurt, where 831 elected representatives met.
4. They drafted a constitution for German nation, headed by a monarchy and ruled by a Parliament.
5. When the crown was offered to Frederich Wilhelm4, King of Prussia, he rejected it and joined other monarchies to oppose this proposal
6. Parliament was dominated by middle classes, who resisted the demands of workers therefore lost their support.
7. Troops were called and assembly was dissolved.
ISSUE OF WOMEN:-
1. Women were not given the right to vote yet.
2. Women formed their own political associations and took part in political meetings and demonstrations.
3. Besides this, they were not given the right to vote.
GERMAN UNIFICATION:--
1. Nationalist feeling was widespread among Germans, who tried to topple monarchy in 1848.
2. This feeling was suppressed by the Monarch, army and landlords (called Junkers ) in Prussia.
3. Since then Prussia took leadership in the movement for national unification.
4. Its chief minister Otto Von Bismarck was the architect of this process, as he believed in the policy of Blood and Iron.
5. He took the help of army and Bureaucracy to form German nation.
6. Three wars were fought for about 7 years with Austria, Denmark and France and it ended in Prussian victory.
7. In January 1871an assembly of representatives of army, princes of German states, Prussian ministers and Bismarck gathered in hall of Mirrors in the palace of Versailles to proclaim new German state.
8. The new nation laid emphasis on modernizing the currency, banking, legal and judicious systems of Germany.
UNIFICATION OF ITALY:--
1. Italy was also divided into separate states like Germany.
2. During the middle of the 19th century, Italy was divided into 7 states of which SARDINIA PIEDMENT was ruled by an Italian prince.
3. North---- was under Austrian Habsburg.
Centre---- was ruled by the Pope.
South----was under Bourbon king of Spain.
4. Many regional languages were spoken in all these states.
ROLE OF MAZZINI:--
1. During 1830’s Giuseppe Mazzini formed a secret society called, YOUNG ITALY To achieve his aim.
2. Ruler of Sardinia Piedmont, Victor Emmanuel ll got the responsibility to unite Italy.
ROLE OF CAVOUR AND GARIBALDI:--
1. Chief Minister Cavour like any other educated elite spoke French much better then Italian.
2. Keeping diplomatic relations with France, envisaged by Cavour, Sardinia Piedmont defeated France.
ROLE OF GARIBALDI:--
1. Along with the troops armed volunteers led by Garibaldi also joined.
2. In 1860, they marched into south Italy and won kingdoms of Siclies from Spain.
3. In 1861, Victor Emmanuel ll was proclaimed king of united Italy.
4. Uneducated population of Italy was unaware of whatever was happening in Italy.
STRANGE CASE OF BRITAIN
1. Great Britain was considered a model nation state.
2. Formation of nation state in England was a long drawn out process.
3. Primary inhabitants of England were –English, Welsh, Scot and Irish.
4. All these ethnic groups had their own cultural and political traditions.
5. But as English had grown wealthy, they extended their control over other nations of the island also.
6. English parliament was formed after the bloodless revolution of England in 1688.
SCOTLAND:--
1. .England imposed its influence over Scotland in 1707 and declared itself as “United Kingdom of Great Britain”.
2. British Parliament had majority British in it.
3. Scotland culture was gradually suppressed by the British culture.
4. Catholics of Scotland revolted several times but were suppressed by Britain.
IRELAND:--
1. Ireland had both Catholics and Protestants.
2. The English helped the Protestants to establish their dominance over Catholics in Ireland.
3. Catholics revolted but they were suppressed.
4. After a failed revolt of Wolfe Tone, in 1801, Ireland was included in England.
5. A new British nation was formed with the new British Flag of Union Jack and National Anthem, God save our noble king.
VISUALISING THE NATION:--
1. It is the personification of a nation or giving face to a nation.
2. Artists of 18th and 19th century portrayed nation as a female figure.
3. The female figure became an Allegory of the nation.French artists portrayed ideas such as justice, liberty and republic as female allegory eg. Justice is portrayed through blindfolded woman carrying a pair of weighing scales
Sunday, September 23, 2007
ROMATICISM AND NATIONAL GLORY—
Romantic artists and ports generally critcised science and reasoning since they are focused on emotions.
They made an effort to inculcate the feeling of shared collective heritage of a nation.
It was done through folk songs, folkdances folk poetry that the spirit of nationalism was revived.
So collection of folk culture began which helped in the formation of ‘nation states’.
Emphasis was laid on vernacular language and the collection of folk lore for arising spirit of nationalism among illiterate people.
For example Poland was divided by Russia, Prussia and Austria.
Even though Poland did not exit on the map of Europe, but feeling of nationalism was kept alive.
Such as Karol Kurpinski, Kept this nationalist feeling alive by performing ‘Operas’ on the stage.
Language also played an important role in spreading nationalist message.
For example Russian language was imposed on polish who were living in Russian part.
In 1831 they raised an armed revolt against the Russians which was crushed.( Just like India’s revolt of 1857.)
As a protest the clergy began to use Polish language in the churches.
As a result large number of priests and Bishops were put in Jail or sent to colder Siberia.
Use of polish language was a symbol of struggle against Russian rule in Poland.
HUNGER HARDSHIP AND POPULAR REVOLTS----
1. 1830’s were years of great economic hardships in Europe.
2. Population was increasing due to Industrial Revolution.
3. In these European countries, there were more job seekers then employment.
Population in the rural areas was migrating to cities to live in the unhealthy slums.
Cheap machine made goods were imported, giving tough competition to small producers in towns.
Aristocracy still prevailed in many parts of Europe where feudalism was prevailing and peasants were suffering under heavy debts.
Rise of food prices and bad harvest led to poverty in towns and countryside.
YEAR OF 1848 IN FRANCE.
1. Year of 1848 had food shortages, unemployment, which brought the people of Paris on the roads to beg.
2. Louis Philippe was forced to flee under such circumstances.
3. During this period a national assembly was formed with adult sufferage to all adult males above 21.
4. This govt. tried to provide employment to the people.
( Example of weavers of Silesia can be given.)
ASSIGNMENT
Q1. Describe briefly the first upheaval which took place in France in July 1830.
Q2. Explain briefly the impact of July revolution in France.
Q3. Describe briefly the Greek war of Independence.
Q4. How did culture played an equally important role in creating the idea of Nation.
Q5. Explain any three points about the concept of Romanticism
Q6. Name the three forms of folk culture through which true German culture was to be discovered among the common people.
Q7. Explain the three reasons for the emphasis on vernacular language and collection of folklore.
Q8. Explain four points about the hardships faced by small producers and the peasants in the cities of Europe.
Q9.Explain in 4 points the impact of food shortage and widespread unemployment in the year 1848 in Paris.
Describe the main cause of the weavers uprising in Silesia.
How did the Wilhelm Wolff describe the event of weavers of Silesia.
How did the weavers react against these exploitations by the contractors in Silesia? Explain 4 points.
Romantic artists and ports generally critcised science and reasoning since they are focused on emotions.
They made an effort to inculcate the feeling of shared collective heritage of a nation.
It was done through folk songs, folkdances folk poetry that the spirit of nationalism was revived.
So collection of folk culture began which helped in the formation of ‘nation states’.
Emphasis was laid on vernacular language and the collection of folk lore for arising spirit of nationalism among illiterate people.
For example Poland was divided by Russia, Prussia and Austria.
Even though Poland did not exit on the map of Europe, but feeling of nationalism was kept alive.
Such as Karol Kurpinski, Kept this nationalist feeling alive by performing ‘Operas’ on the stage.
Language also played an important role in spreading nationalist message.
For example Russian language was imposed on polish who were living in Russian part.
In 1831 they raised an armed revolt against the Russians which was crushed.( Just like India’s revolt of 1857.)
As a protest the clergy began to use Polish language in the churches.
As a result large number of priests and Bishops were put in Jail or sent to colder Siberia.
Use of polish language was a symbol of struggle against Russian rule in Poland.
HUNGER HARDSHIP AND POPULAR REVOLTS----
1. 1830’s were years of great economic hardships in Europe.
2. Population was increasing due to Industrial Revolution.
3. In these European countries, there were more job seekers then employment.
Population in the rural areas was migrating to cities to live in the unhealthy slums.
Cheap machine made goods were imported, giving tough competition to small producers in towns.
Aristocracy still prevailed in many parts of Europe where feudalism was prevailing and peasants were suffering under heavy debts.
Rise of food prices and bad harvest led to poverty in towns and countryside.
YEAR OF 1848 IN FRANCE.
1. Year of 1848 had food shortages, unemployment, which brought the people of Paris on the roads to beg.
2. Louis Philippe was forced to flee under such circumstances.
3. During this period a national assembly was formed with adult sufferage to all adult males above 21.
4. This govt. tried to provide employment to the people.
( Example of weavers of Silesia can be given.)
ASSIGNMENT
Q1. Describe briefly the first upheaval which took place in France in July 1830.
Q2. Explain briefly the impact of July revolution in France.
Q3. Describe briefly the Greek war of Independence.
Q4. How did culture played an equally important role in creating the idea of Nation.
Q5. Explain any three points about the concept of Romanticism
Q6. Name the three forms of folk culture through which true German culture was to be discovered among the common people.
Q7. Explain the three reasons for the emphasis on vernacular language and collection of folklore.
Q8. Explain four points about the hardships faced by small producers and the peasants in the cities of Europe.
Q9.Explain in 4 points the impact of food shortage and widespread unemployment in the year 1848 in Paris.
Describe the main cause of the weavers uprising in Silesia.
How did the Wilhelm Wolff describe the event of weavers of Silesia.
How did the weavers react against these exploitations by the contractors in Silesia? Explain 4 points.
Sunday, September 16, 2007
MAKING OF NATIONALISM IN EUROPE
European countries were ruled in19th century by various dynastic rulers over regions having diverse population.
For example, Habusburg Dynasty ruled over regions of Austria, Hungry, Italian provinces of Lombardy and Venetia, German speaking Sudetenland and Polish speaking Galicia.
In Hungry common people spoke Magyar, while the other half spoke a variety of languages.
Besides these dominant groups, there also lived a no. of subject peasants
- In the north Bohemians and Slovaks.
- In south lived Slovenes in Carrillo and Croats.
- In the east in Transylvania lived Romans.
Except for allegiance to a common ruler, there was hardly any political unity in Europe.
THE ARISTOCRACY AND THE NEW MIDDLE CLASS.
Landed Aristocracy was the dominant class in the continent.
They owned Estates in the countryside and also town houses.
They spoke French language for living in high society.
The no. of this powerful Aristocracy was however less.
Their families were often connected by the ties of marriages.
Majority of the population was of tenant peasants.
In the west majority of the land was cultivated by small farmers and tenants and in the eastern and central Europe there were vast estates owned by landlords and cultivated by tenants,
In the western and central Europe there was growth of industrial production and trade leading to the growth of towns and commercial classes.
With the industrialization, there began the growth of a new social group of working class, middle class having industrialists, businessmen and professionals.
In central and eastern Europe these groups were smaller in no.
This educated and middle class only later on adopted the ideas of national unity.
WHAT DID LIBERAL NATIONALISM STANDS FOR?
Ideas of national unity were closely related to the ideology of liberalism.
The term liberalism has been derived from the Latin word ‘liber’, meaning free.
For the new middle class liberalism stood for freedom and for others it stood for equality of all before the law.
Politically it means government by consent.
Since the French revolution liberalism meant for the end of autocracy and a government having parliament with the representatives of the people.
They also stood against the private property.
POLITICAL LIBERALISM
So far equality before the law did not mean universal adult franchise.
In France the right to vote and get elected was given only to the property owners.
Women were also not allowed to vote.
Only Jacobins allowed adult franchise for a short period.
However Napoleon reduced the status of women of a minor in a patriarchal society.
So throughout the 19th century women and non propertied people organized movements in protest.
ECONOMIC LIBERALISM
Liberalism stood for the freedoms of markets and abolition of state imposed restrictions.
During 19th century this was a strong demand of the existing middle class.
For example Napoleon crated out of countless small principalities a confederation of 39 states.
Each of these states had their own currency and weights and measures.
A merchant traveling in 1833 from Habusberg to Nuremberg to sell his goods had to pass through 11 customs barriers.
Duties were often levied according to the weights and measurements of the goods.
Such conditions were not good for the creation of a uniform economic system in all the territories.
in 1834 a common union or’ zullverein ‘ was formed by Prussia and later on joined by most of the German states.
This union abolished tariff barriers and reduced the number of currencies from thirty to two.
The introduction of railways further helped in the mobility.
A NEW CONSERVATISM AFTER 1815
After the defeat of Napoleon in1815 there was CONSERVATISM in Europe.
Conservatives believed in the resetting of monarchy, the church, social hierarchy properties and families.
Conservatisms believed that modernization in fact strengthen traditional monarchy.
It could make state powers more effective and strong.
Conservatism believed a modern army, an efficient bureaucracy, a dynamic economy and abolition of feudalism and serfdom could strengthen the monarchies in Europe
CONGRESS OF VIENNA
After the defeat of Napoleon, European powers--- Britain, Russia, Prussia and Austria met at Vienna.
The congress was hosted by Austrian Chancellor Duke Metternich.
The Bourbon Dynasty was restored to power and France had lost all the territories it had occupied under Napoleon.
Kingdom of Netherlands was set up in north and Genoa was added to Piedmont, an Italian empire.
But the German confederation of 39 stated that had been set up by Napoleon was left untouched.
In the east, Russia was given Poland while Prussia was given a portion of Saxony.
The main intention behind all this was to restore monarchies, a new conservative order in Europe.
CONSERVATIVE REGIMES.
Almost all the conservative regimes set up in 1815 were autocratic.
They did not tolerate criticism and neither accept anything against autocratic govts
Most of them imposed censorship on press, plays and songs which reflected the idea of liberty and fraternity.
The memory of French Revolution continued to inspire liberals.
One of the major issues taken up by liberal nationalists, was the freedom of press.
THE REVOLUTIONARIES.
The fear of repression drove many liberal nationalists underground to form’ Secret Societies’’, to train revolutionaries and spread their ideas.
A revolutionary used to have commitment to oppose monarchical form of govt. that had been established after Vienna Congress
These revolutionaries believed in liberty and freedom from the monarchies and establishment of Nation States
ROLE OF MAZZINI
An Italian revolutionaries Mzzini also became a member of the secret society.
As a young man of 24, he was sent to exile in 1831 for attempting a revolution.
He then founded two more societies-
--- Young Italy in Marseilles
--- Young Europe in Berne.
Their members had similar views. They were from Poland France, Italy and German states.
Mazzini believed that God wanted nations to be united.
So he wanted Italy to be unified into a single unit or a united nation.
Mazzini’s opposition to Monarchy frightened the conservatives
ASSIGNMENT.
Why was ‘Zollverein’ set up in Prussia in 1834? What was its significance?
Who was Metternich?
Name four European powers that collectively defeated Napoleon.
With what aim was the treaty of Vienna signed?
Name two secret societies set up in Italy in the early 19th century.
Who was Mazzini? What was his role in the unification of Italy?
AGE OF REVOLUTIONS:: 1830—1848
LIBERAL NATIONALISM—
The first upheaval took place in France in 1830.
These revolutions were led by liberal nationalists belonging to educated middle class elite, consisted of professors, school teachers, clerks and traders etc.
FRENCH REVOLUTION OF 1830—
The first upheaval took place in France in 1830.
The Bourbon kings were now overthrown by liberal revolutionaries and they installed constitutional monarchy with Louis Philippe as its head.
Metternich remarked that” When French sneezes, rest of the Europe catches cold.”, means anything which began in France, spreads like fire in other European countries.
For example Belgium broke away from the Kingdom of Netherlands.
GREEK WAR OF INDEPENDENCE---
Nationalist feeling of educated elite was mobilized by Greek war of independence.
Greece was a part of Ottoman Empire since 15th century.
Greeks began their struggle of independence in 1821.
Nationalists in Greece got support from the Greeks living abroad and from some western European countries, who had sympathies for ancient Greek culture.
Poets and artists had supported this nationalist struggle
Finally in the treaty of Constantinople, Greece became independent in 1832..
European countries were ruled in19th century by various dynastic rulers over regions having diverse population.
For example, Habusburg Dynasty ruled over regions of Austria, Hungry, Italian provinces of Lombardy and Venetia, German speaking Sudetenland and Polish speaking Galicia.
In Hungry common people spoke Magyar, while the other half spoke a variety of languages.
Besides these dominant groups, there also lived a no. of subject peasants
- In the north Bohemians and Slovaks.
- In south lived Slovenes in Carrillo and Croats.
- In the east in Transylvania lived Romans.
Except for allegiance to a common ruler, there was hardly any political unity in Europe.
THE ARISTOCRACY AND THE NEW MIDDLE CLASS.
Landed Aristocracy was the dominant class in the continent.
They owned Estates in the countryside and also town houses.
They spoke French language for living in high society.
The no. of this powerful Aristocracy was however less.
Their families were often connected by the ties of marriages.
Majority of the population was of tenant peasants.
In the west majority of the land was cultivated by small farmers and tenants and in the eastern and central Europe there were vast estates owned by landlords and cultivated by tenants,
In the western and central Europe there was growth of industrial production and trade leading to the growth of towns and commercial classes.
With the industrialization, there began the growth of a new social group of working class, middle class having industrialists, businessmen and professionals.
In central and eastern Europe these groups were smaller in no.
This educated and middle class only later on adopted the ideas of national unity.
WHAT DID LIBERAL NATIONALISM STANDS FOR?
Ideas of national unity were closely related to the ideology of liberalism.
The term liberalism has been derived from the Latin word ‘liber’, meaning free.
For the new middle class liberalism stood for freedom and for others it stood for equality of all before the law.
Politically it means government by consent.
Since the French revolution liberalism meant for the end of autocracy and a government having parliament with the representatives of the people.
They also stood against the private property.
POLITICAL LIBERALISM
So far equality before the law did not mean universal adult franchise.
In France the right to vote and get elected was given only to the property owners.
Women were also not allowed to vote.
Only Jacobins allowed adult franchise for a short period.
However Napoleon reduced the status of women of a minor in a patriarchal society.
So throughout the 19th century women and non propertied people organized movements in protest.
ECONOMIC LIBERALISM
Liberalism stood for the freedoms of markets and abolition of state imposed restrictions.
During 19th century this was a strong demand of the existing middle class.
For example Napoleon crated out of countless small principalities a confederation of 39 states.
Each of these states had their own currency and weights and measures.
A merchant traveling in 1833 from Habusberg to Nuremberg to sell his goods had to pass through 11 customs barriers.
Duties were often levied according to the weights and measurements of the goods.
Such conditions were not good for the creation of a uniform economic system in all the territories.
in 1834 a common union or’ zullverein ‘ was formed by Prussia and later on joined by most of the German states.
This union abolished tariff barriers and reduced the number of currencies from thirty to two.
The introduction of railways further helped in the mobility.
A NEW CONSERVATISM AFTER 1815
After the defeat of Napoleon in1815 there was CONSERVATISM in Europe.
Conservatives believed in the resetting of monarchy, the church, social hierarchy properties and families.
Conservatisms believed that modernization in fact strengthen traditional monarchy.
It could make state powers more effective and strong.
Conservatism believed a modern army, an efficient bureaucracy, a dynamic economy and abolition of feudalism and serfdom could strengthen the monarchies in Europe
CONGRESS OF VIENNA
After the defeat of Napoleon, European powers--- Britain, Russia, Prussia and Austria met at Vienna.
The congress was hosted by Austrian Chancellor Duke Metternich.
The Bourbon Dynasty was restored to power and France had lost all the territories it had occupied under Napoleon.
Kingdom of Netherlands was set up in north and Genoa was added to Piedmont, an Italian empire.
But the German confederation of 39 stated that had been set up by Napoleon was left untouched.
In the east, Russia was given Poland while Prussia was given a portion of Saxony.
The main intention behind all this was to restore monarchies, a new conservative order in Europe.
CONSERVATIVE REGIMES.
Almost all the conservative regimes set up in 1815 were autocratic.
They did not tolerate criticism and neither accept anything against autocratic govts
Most of them imposed censorship on press, plays and songs which reflected the idea of liberty and fraternity.
The memory of French Revolution continued to inspire liberals.
One of the major issues taken up by liberal nationalists, was the freedom of press.
THE REVOLUTIONARIES.
The fear of repression drove many liberal nationalists underground to form’ Secret Societies’’, to train revolutionaries and spread their ideas.
A revolutionary used to have commitment to oppose monarchical form of govt. that had been established after Vienna Congress
These revolutionaries believed in liberty and freedom from the monarchies and establishment of Nation States
ROLE OF MAZZINI
An Italian revolutionaries Mzzini also became a member of the secret society.
As a young man of 24, he was sent to exile in 1831 for attempting a revolution.
He then founded two more societies-
--- Young Italy in Marseilles
--- Young Europe in Berne.
Their members had similar views. They were from Poland France, Italy and German states.
Mazzini believed that God wanted nations to be united.
So he wanted Italy to be unified into a single unit or a united nation.
Mazzini’s opposition to Monarchy frightened the conservatives
ASSIGNMENT.
Why was ‘Zollverein’ set up in Prussia in 1834? What was its significance?
Who was Metternich?
Name four European powers that collectively defeated Napoleon.
With what aim was the treaty of Vienna signed?
Name two secret societies set up in Italy in the early 19th century.
Who was Mazzini? What was his role in the unification of Italy?
AGE OF REVOLUTIONS:: 1830—1848
LIBERAL NATIONALISM—
The first upheaval took place in France in 1830.
These revolutions were led by liberal nationalists belonging to educated middle class elite, consisted of professors, school teachers, clerks and traders etc.
FRENCH REVOLUTION OF 1830—
The first upheaval took place in France in 1830.
The Bourbon kings were now overthrown by liberal revolutionaries and they installed constitutional monarchy with Louis Philippe as its head.
Metternich remarked that” When French sneezes, rest of the Europe catches cold.”, means anything which began in France, spreads like fire in other European countries.
For example Belgium broke away from the Kingdom of Netherlands.
GREEK WAR OF INDEPENDENCE---
Nationalist feeling of educated elite was mobilized by Greek war of independence.
Greece was a part of Ottoman Empire since 15th century.
Greeks began their struggle of independence in 1821.
Nationalists in Greece got support from the Greeks living abroad and from some western European countries, who had sympathies for ancient Greek culture.
Poets and artists had supported this nationalist struggle
Finally in the treaty of Constantinople, Greece became independent in 1832..
Wednesday, September 12, 2007
Nationalism in Europe
French Revolution in 1789
1. France was a territorial state in 1789 under the rule of an absolute monarch.
2. Political and constitutional changes led to transfer of power from monarchy to democracy.
3. The revolution proclaimed people’s power in shaping the destiny of the nation.
4. The French revolutionaries introduced various measures and practices to create a sense of collectiveness amongst the French people.
5. Ideas of ‘Fatherland’ and ‘citizenship’ were emphasized and a notion of united nation, enjoying equal rights under one constitution was emphasized.
6. A new tricolor flag was chosen to replace the old monarchical flag.
7. The ‘ESTATES GENERAL’ a representative body was renamed as ‘THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY’.
8. New hymns were composed in the name of the nation.
9. A centralized administrative system was put for uniform laws for all citizens living in French territory.
10. Internal customs duties and dues were abolished and a uniform system of weights and measures was adopted.
11. ‘French’ became the language of the nation.
12. French revolutionaries also declared that it was the mission of the French to liberate the people of Europe from absolutism.
SPREAD OF NATIONALISM
When the news of events in France reached the other countries, they also began forming ‘Jacobin Clubs’
With the outbreak of revolutionary wars in European countries, the French armies began to carry the idea of nationalism in other countries of Europe.
ROLE OF NAPOLEAN BONAPARTE
1. When Napoleon came to power in France, he introduced many reforms.
2. Though nap loan revived monarchy in France but his administrative system was more rational and efficient.
3. Napoleon’s code included ---
4. a) No privileges based on birth
1. b) Equality before the law.
2. c) Secured the right to property.
3. This code reached the regions which were under French control.
4. In the Dutch Republic, in Switzerland, in Italy, In Germany, Napoleon abolished feudal system and simplified administrative division.
5. In the towns guild restrictions were removed.
6. Transport and communication system was improved.
7. Peasants, artisans,
8. Workers and new business class enjoyed this freedom.
9. They had realized that uniform laws, standardized weights and measures and a common national currency would help them to flourish.
IN FRENCH REACTION OF THE LOCAL POPULATION RULE
1. It was a mixed reaction.
2. In many places like Switzerland, Holland, Brussels, Milan etc. French armies were welcomed as MESSENGERS OF LIBERTY.
3. But soon it turned into hostility as they realized that their administrative changes did not go hand in hand with political freedom.
4. Increased taxation, censorship seemed to outweigh the advantages of administrative changes.
ASSGNMENT—
Q1. What is ‘Nationalism’?
Q2. What is ‘statue of Liberty’?
Q3.What was ‘Estates General’ in France?
Q4. What was Napoleonic Code?
Q5.What was the reaction of local people in French rule?
1. France was a territorial state in 1789 under the rule of an absolute monarch.
2. Political and constitutional changes led to transfer of power from monarchy to democracy.
3. The revolution proclaimed people’s power in shaping the destiny of the nation.
4. The French revolutionaries introduced various measures and practices to create a sense of collectiveness amongst the French people.
5. Ideas of ‘Fatherland’ and ‘citizenship’ were emphasized and a notion of united nation, enjoying equal rights under one constitution was emphasized.
6. A new tricolor flag was chosen to replace the old monarchical flag.
7. The ‘ESTATES GENERAL’ a representative body was renamed as ‘THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY’.
8. New hymns were composed in the name of the nation.
9. A centralized administrative system was put for uniform laws for all citizens living in French territory.
10. Internal customs duties and dues were abolished and a uniform system of weights and measures was adopted.
11. ‘French’ became the language of the nation.
12. French revolutionaries also declared that it was the mission of the French to liberate the people of Europe from absolutism.
SPREAD OF NATIONALISM
When the news of events in France reached the other countries, they also began forming ‘Jacobin Clubs’
With the outbreak of revolutionary wars in European countries, the French armies began to carry the idea of nationalism in other countries of Europe.
ROLE OF NAPOLEAN BONAPARTE
1. When Napoleon came to power in France, he introduced many reforms.
2. Though nap loan revived monarchy in France but his administrative system was more rational and efficient.
3. Napoleon’s code included ---
4. a) No privileges based on birth
1. b) Equality before the law.
2. c) Secured the right to property.
3. This code reached the regions which were under French control.
4. In the Dutch Republic, in Switzerland, in Italy, In Germany, Napoleon abolished feudal system and simplified administrative division.
5. In the towns guild restrictions were removed.
6. Transport and communication system was improved.
7. Peasants, artisans,
8. Workers and new business class enjoyed this freedom.
9. They had realized that uniform laws, standardized weights and measures and a common national currency would help them to flourish.
IN FRENCH REACTION OF THE LOCAL POPULATION RULE
1. It was a mixed reaction.
2. In many places like Switzerland, Holland, Brussels, Milan etc. French armies were welcomed as MESSENGERS OF LIBERTY.
3. But soon it turned into hostility as they realized that their administrative changes did not go hand in hand with political freedom.
4. Increased taxation, censorship seemed to outweigh the advantages of administrative changes.
ASSGNMENT—
Q1. What is ‘Nationalism’?
Q2. What is ‘statue of Liberty’?
Q3.What was ‘Estates General’ in France?
Q4. What was Napoleonic Code?
Q5.What was the reaction of local people in French rule?
Friday, September 7, 2007
French Revolution
French Revolution in 1789
1. France was a territorial state in 1789 under the rule of an absolute monarch.
2. Political and constitutional changes led to transfer of power from monarchy to democracy.
3. The revolution proclaimed people’s power in shaping the destiny of the nation.
4. The French revolutionaries introduced various measures and practices to create a sense of collectiveness amongst the French people.
5. Ideas of ‘Fatherland’ and ‘citizenship’ were emphasized and a notion of united nation, enjoying equal rights under one constitution was emphasized.
6. A new tricolor flag was chosen to replace the old monarchical flag.
7. The ‘ESTATES GENERAL’ a representative body was renamed as ‘THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY’.
8. New hymns were composed in the name of the nation.
9. A centralized administrative system was put for uniform laws for all citizens living in French territory.
10. Internal customs duties and dues were abolished and a uniform system of weights and measures was adopted.
11. ‘French’ became the language of the nation.
12. French revolutionaries also declared that it was the mission of the French to liberate the people of Europe from absolutism.
SPREAD OF NATIONALISM
When the news of events in France reached the other countries, they also began forming ‘Jacobin Clubs’
With the outbreak of revolutionary wars in European countries, the French armies began to carry the idea of nationalism in other countries of Europe.
ROLE OF NAPOLEAN BONAPARTE
1. When Napoleon came to power in France, he introduced many reforms.
2. Though nap loan revived monarchy in France but his administrative system was more rational and efficient.
3. Napoleon’s code included ---
4. a) No privileges based on birth
1. b) Equality before the law.
2. c) Secured the right to property.
3. This code reached the regions which were under French control.
4. In the Dutch Republic, in Switzerland, in Italy, In Germany, Napoleon abolished feudal system and simplified administrative division.
5. In the towns guild restrictions were removed.
6. Transport and communication system was improved.
7. Peasants, artisans,
8. Workers and new business class enjoyed this freedom.
9. They had realized that uniform laws, standardized weights and measures and a common national currency would help them to flourish.
IN FRENCH REACTION OF THE LOCAL POPULATION RULE
1. It was a mixed reaction.
2. In many places like Switzerland, Holland, Brussels, Milan etc. French armies were welcomed as MESSENGERS OF LIBERTY.
3. But soon it turned into hostility as they realized that their administrative changes did not go hand in hand with political freedom.
4. Increased taxation, censorship seemed to outweigh the advantages of administrative changes.
ASSGNMENT—
Q1. What is ‘Nationalism’?
Q2. What is ‘statue of Liberty’?
Q3.What was ‘Estates General’ in France?
Q4. What was Napoleonic Code?
Q5.What was the reaction of local people in French rule?
1. France was a territorial state in 1789 under the rule of an absolute monarch.
2. Political and constitutional changes led to transfer of power from monarchy to democracy.
3. The revolution proclaimed people’s power in shaping the destiny of the nation.
4. The French revolutionaries introduced various measures and practices to create a sense of collectiveness amongst the French people.
5. Ideas of ‘Fatherland’ and ‘citizenship’ were emphasized and a notion of united nation, enjoying equal rights under one constitution was emphasized.
6. A new tricolor flag was chosen to replace the old monarchical flag.
7. The ‘ESTATES GENERAL’ a representative body was renamed as ‘THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY’.
8. New hymns were composed in the name of the nation.
9. A centralized administrative system was put for uniform laws for all citizens living in French territory.
10. Internal customs duties and dues were abolished and a uniform system of weights and measures was adopted.
11. ‘French’ became the language of the nation.
12. French revolutionaries also declared that it was the mission of the French to liberate the people of Europe from absolutism.
SPREAD OF NATIONALISM
When the news of events in France reached the other countries, they also began forming ‘Jacobin Clubs’
With the outbreak of revolutionary wars in European countries, the French armies began to carry the idea of nationalism in other countries of Europe.
ROLE OF NAPOLEAN BONAPARTE
1. When Napoleon came to power in France, he introduced many reforms.
2. Though nap loan revived monarchy in France but his administrative system was more rational and efficient.
3. Napoleon’s code included ---
4. a) No privileges based on birth
1. b) Equality before the law.
2. c) Secured the right to property.
3. This code reached the regions which were under French control.
4. In the Dutch Republic, in Switzerland, in Italy, In Germany, Napoleon abolished feudal system and simplified administrative division.
5. In the towns guild restrictions were removed.
6. Transport and communication system was improved.
7. Peasants, artisans,
8. Workers and new business class enjoyed this freedom.
9. They had realized that uniform laws, standardized weights and measures and a common national currency would help them to flourish.
IN FRENCH REACTION OF THE LOCAL POPULATION RULE
1. It was a mixed reaction.
2. In many places like Switzerland, Holland, Brussels, Milan etc. French armies were welcomed as MESSENGERS OF LIBERTY.
3. But soon it turned into hostility as they realized that their administrative changes did not go hand in hand with political freedom.
4. Increased taxation, censorship seemed to outweigh the advantages of administrative changes.
ASSGNMENT—
Q1. What is ‘Nationalism’?
Q2. What is ‘statue of Liberty’?
Q3.What was ‘Estates General’ in France?
Q4. What was Napoleonic Code?
Q5.What was the reaction of local people in French rule?
Friday, August 31, 2007
History notes
RISE OF NATIONALISM IN EUROPE
According to the Sorrieu’s utopian vision the people of the World are grouped as distinct nations. They are identified through their FLAGS and NATIONAL COSTUME.
Leaders in the exercising of the rights and duties are USA and SWITZERLAND.
FRANCE, GERMANY AND ITALY, followed them.
We will study about the formation of nation states, in which a centralized power exercises control over a clearly defined territory
RISE OF NATIONALISM IN EUROPE .
According to the Sorrieu’s utopian vision the people of the World are grouped as distinct nations. They are identified through their FLAGS and NATIONAL COSTUME.
Leaders in the exercising of the rights and duties are USA and SWITZERLAND.
FRANCE, GERMANY AND ITALY, followed them.
We will study about the formation of nation states, in which a centralized power exercises control over a clearly defined territory
According to the Sorrieu’s utopian vision the people of the World are grouped as distinct nations. They are identified through their FLAGS and NATIONAL COSTUME.
Leaders in the exercising of the rights and duties are USA and SWITZERLAND.
FRANCE, GERMANY AND ITALY, followed them.
We will study about the formation of nation states, in which a centralized power exercises control over a clearly defined territory
RISE OF NATIONALISM IN EUROPE .
According to the Sorrieu’s utopian vision the people of the World are grouped as distinct nations. They are identified through their FLAGS and NATIONAL COSTUME.
Leaders in the exercising of the rights and duties are USA and SWITZERLAND.
FRANCE, GERMANY AND ITALY, followed them.
We will study about the formation of nation states, in which a centralized power exercises control over a clearly defined territory
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