GERMANY:--
1. In Germany a large number of political associations of middle class professionals, businessmen and prosperous artisans were formed.
2. They all decided to note for an all German National Assembly at Frankfurt.
3. Parliament was convened in St. Paul’s Church in Frankfurt, where 831 elected representatives met.
4. They drafted a constitution for German nation, headed by a monarchy and ruled by a Parliament.
5. When the crown was offered to Frederich Wilhelm4, King of Prussia, he rejected it and joined other monarchies to oppose this proposal
6. Parliament was dominated by middle classes, who resisted the demands of workers therefore lost their support.
7. Troops were called and assembly was dissolved.
ISSUE OF WOMEN:-
1. Women were not given the right to vote yet.
2. Women formed their own political associations and took part in political meetings and demonstrations.
3. Besides this, they were not given the right to vote.
GERMAN UNIFICATION:--
1. Nationalist feeling was widespread among Germans, who tried to topple monarchy in 1848.
2. This feeling was suppressed by the Monarch, army and landlords (called Junkers ) in Prussia.
3. Since then Prussia took leadership in the movement for national unification.
4. Its chief minister Otto Von Bismarck was the architect of this process, as he believed in the policy of Blood and Iron.
5. He took the help of army and Bureaucracy to form German nation.
6. Three wars were fought for about 7 years with Austria, Denmark and France and it ended in Prussian victory.
7. In January 1871an assembly of representatives of army, princes of German states, Prussian ministers and Bismarck gathered in hall of Mirrors in the palace of Versailles to proclaim new German state.
8. The new nation laid emphasis on modernizing the currency, banking, legal and judicious systems of Germany.
UNIFICATION OF ITALY:--
1. Italy was also divided into separate states like Germany.
2. During the middle of the 19th century, Italy was divided into 7 states of which SARDINIA PIEDMENT was ruled by an Italian prince.
3. North---- was under Austrian Habsburg.
Centre---- was ruled by the Pope.
South----was under Bourbon king of Spain.
4. Many regional languages were spoken in all these states.
ROLE OF MAZZINI:--
1. During 1830’s Giuseppe Mazzini formed a secret society called, YOUNG ITALY To achieve his aim.
2. Ruler of Sardinia Piedmont, Victor Emmanuel ll got the responsibility to unite Italy.
ROLE OF CAVOUR AND GARIBALDI:--
1. Chief Minister Cavour like any other educated elite spoke French much better then Italian.
2. Keeping diplomatic relations with France, envisaged by Cavour, Sardinia Piedmont defeated France.
ROLE OF GARIBALDI:--
1. Along with the troops armed volunteers led by Garibaldi also joined.
2. In 1860, they marched into south Italy and won kingdoms of Siclies from Spain.
3. In 1861, Victor Emmanuel ll was proclaimed king of united Italy.
4. Uneducated population of Italy was unaware of whatever was happening in Italy.
STRANGE CASE OF BRITAIN
1. Great Britain was considered a model nation state.
2. Formation of nation state in England was a long drawn out process.
3. Primary inhabitants of England were –English, Welsh, Scot and Irish.
4. All these ethnic groups had their own cultural and political traditions.
5. But as English had grown wealthy, they extended their control over other nations of the island also.
6. English parliament was formed after the bloodless revolution of England in 1688.
SCOTLAND:--
1. .England imposed its influence over Scotland in 1707 and declared itself as “United Kingdom of Great Britain”.
2. British Parliament had majority British in it.
3. Scotland culture was gradually suppressed by the British culture.
4. Catholics of Scotland revolted several times but were suppressed by Britain.
IRELAND:--
1. Ireland had both Catholics and Protestants.
2. The English helped the Protestants to establish their dominance over Catholics in Ireland.
3. Catholics revolted but they were suppressed.
4. After a failed revolt of Wolfe Tone, in 1801, Ireland was included in England.
5. A new British nation was formed with the new British Flag of Union Jack and National Anthem, God save our noble king.
VISUALISING THE NATION:--
1. It is the personification of a nation or giving face to a nation.
2. Artists of 18th and 19th century portrayed nation as a female figure.
3. The female figure became an Allegory of the nation.French artists portrayed ideas such as justice, liberty and republic as female allegory eg. Justice is portrayed through blindfolded woman carrying a pair of weighing scales
Friday, September 28, 2007
Sunday, September 23, 2007
ROMATICISM AND NATIONAL GLORY—
Romantic artists and ports generally critcised science and reasoning since they are focused on emotions.
They made an effort to inculcate the feeling of shared collective heritage of a nation.
It was done through folk songs, folkdances folk poetry that the spirit of nationalism was revived.
So collection of folk culture began which helped in the formation of ‘nation states’.
Emphasis was laid on vernacular language and the collection of folk lore for arising spirit of nationalism among illiterate people.
For example Poland was divided by Russia, Prussia and Austria.
Even though Poland did not exit on the map of Europe, but feeling of nationalism was kept alive.
Such as Karol Kurpinski, Kept this nationalist feeling alive by performing ‘Operas’ on the stage.
Language also played an important role in spreading nationalist message.
For example Russian language was imposed on polish who were living in Russian part.
In 1831 they raised an armed revolt against the Russians which was crushed.( Just like India’s revolt of 1857.)
As a protest the clergy began to use Polish language in the churches.
As a result large number of priests and Bishops were put in Jail or sent to colder Siberia.
Use of polish language was a symbol of struggle against Russian rule in Poland.
HUNGER HARDSHIP AND POPULAR REVOLTS----
1. 1830’s were years of great economic hardships in Europe.
2. Population was increasing due to Industrial Revolution.
3. In these European countries, there were more job seekers then employment.
Population in the rural areas was migrating to cities to live in the unhealthy slums.
Cheap machine made goods were imported, giving tough competition to small producers in towns.
Aristocracy still prevailed in many parts of Europe where feudalism was prevailing and peasants were suffering under heavy debts.
Rise of food prices and bad harvest led to poverty in towns and countryside.
YEAR OF 1848 IN FRANCE.
1. Year of 1848 had food shortages, unemployment, which brought the people of Paris on the roads to beg.
2. Louis Philippe was forced to flee under such circumstances.
3. During this period a national assembly was formed with adult sufferage to all adult males above 21.
4. This govt. tried to provide employment to the people.
( Example of weavers of Silesia can be given.)
ASSIGNMENT
Q1. Describe briefly the first upheaval which took place in France in July 1830.
Q2. Explain briefly the impact of July revolution in France.
Q3. Describe briefly the Greek war of Independence.
Q4. How did culture played an equally important role in creating the idea of Nation.
Q5. Explain any three points about the concept of Romanticism
Q6. Name the three forms of folk culture through which true German culture was to be discovered among the common people.
Q7. Explain the three reasons for the emphasis on vernacular language and collection of folklore.
Q8. Explain four points about the hardships faced by small producers and the peasants in the cities of Europe.
Q9.Explain in 4 points the impact of food shortage and widespread unemployment in the year 1848 in Paris.
Describe the main cause of the weavers uprising in Silesia.
How did the Wilhelm Wolff describe the event of weavers of Silesia.
How did the weavers react against these exploitations by the contractors in Silesia? Explain 4 points.
Romantic artists and ports generally critcised science and reasoning since they are focused on emotions.
They made an effort to inculcate the feeling of shared collective heritage of a nation.
It was done through folk songs, folkdances folk poetry that the spirit of nationalism was revived.
So collection of folk culture began which helped in the formation of ‘nation states’.
Emphasis was laid on vernacular language and the collection of folk lore for arising spirit of nationalism among illiterate people.
For example Poland was divided by Russia, Prussia and Austria.
Even though Poland did not exit on the map of Europe, but feeling of nationalism was kept alive.
Such as Karol Kurpinski, Kept this nationalist feeling alive by performing ‘Operas’ on the stage.
Language also played an important role in spreading nationalist message.
For example Russian language was imposed on polish who were living in Russian part.
In 1831 they raised an armed revolt against the Russians which was crushed.( Just like India’s revolt of 1857.)
As a protest the clergy began to use Polish language in the churches.
As a result large number of priests and Bishops were put in Jail or sent to colder Siberia.
Use of polish language was a symbol of struggle against Russian rule in Poland.
HUNGER HARDSHIP AND POPULAR REVOLTS----
1. 1830’s were years of great economic hardships in Europe.
2. Population was increasing due to Industrial Revolution.
3. In these European countries, there were more job seekers then employment.
Population in the rural areas was migrating to cities to live in the unhealthy slums.
Cheap machine made goods were imported, giving tough competition to small producers in towns.
Aristocracy still prevailed in many parts of Europe where feudalism was prevailing and peasants were suffering under heavy debts.
Rise of food prices and bad harvest led to poverty in towns and countryside.
YEAR OF 1848 IN FRANCE.
1. Year of 1848 had food shortages, unemployment, which brought the people of Paris on the roads to beg.
2. Louis Philippe was forced to flee under such circumstances.
3. During this period a national assembly was formed with adult sufferage to all adult males above 21.
4. This govt. tried to provide employment to the people.
( Example of weavers of Silesia can be given.)
ASSIGNMENT
Q1. Describe briefly the first upheaval which took place in France in July 1830.
Q2. Explain briefly the impact of July revolution in France.
Q3. Describe briefly the Greek war of Independence.
Q4. How did culture played an equally important role in creating the idea of Nation.
Q5. Explain any three points about the concept of Romanticism
Q6. Name the three forms of folk culture through which true German culture was to be discovered among the common people.
Q7. Explain the three reasons for the emphasis on vernacular language and collection of folklore.
Q8. Explain four points about the hardships faced by small producers and the peasants in the cities of Europe.
Q9.Explain in 4 points the impact of food shortage and widespread unemployment in the year 1848 in Paris.
Describe the main cause of the weavers uprising in Silesia.
How did the Wilhelm Wolff describe the event of weavers of Silesia.
How did the weavers react against these exploitations by the contractors in Silesia? Explain 4 points.
Sunday, September 16, 2007
MAKING OF NATIONALISM IN EUROPE
European countries were ruled in19th century by various dynastic rulers over regions having diverse population.
For example, Habusburg Dynasty ruled over regions of Austria, Hungry, Italian provinces of Lombardy and Venetia, German speaking Sudetenland and Polish speaking Galicia.
In Hungry common people spoke Magyar, while the other half spoke a variety of languages.
Besides these dominant groups, there also lived a no. of subject peasants
- In the north Bohemians and Slovaks.
- In south lived Slovenes in Carrillo and Croats.
- In the east in Transylvania lived Romans.
Except for allegiance to a common ruler, there was hardly any political unity in Europe.
THE ARISTOCRACY AND THE NEW MIDDLE CLASS.
Landed Aristocracy was the dominant class in the continent.
They owned Estates in the countryside and also town houses.
They spoke French language for living in high society.
The no. of this powerful Aristocracy was however less.
Their families were often connected by the ties of marriages.
Majority of the population was of tenant peasants.
In the west majority of the land was cultivated by small farmers and tenants and in the eastern and central Europe there were vast estates owned by landlords and cultivated by tenants,
In the western and central Europe there was growth of industrial production and trade leading to the growth of towns and commercial classes.
With the industrialization, there began the growth of a new social group of working class, middle class having industrialists, businessmen and professionals.
In central and eastern Europe these groups were smaller in no.
This educated and middle class only later on adopted the ideas of national unity.
WHAT DID LIBERAL NATIONALISM STANDS FOR?
Ideas of national unity were closely related to the ideology of liberalism.
The term liberalism has been derived from the Latin word ‘liber’, meaning free.
For the new middle class liberalism stood for freedom and for others it stood for equality of all before the law.
Politically it means government by consent.
Since the French revolution liberalism meant for the end of autocracy and a government having parliament with the representatives of the people.
They also stood against the private property.
POLITICAL LIBERALISM
So far equality before the law did not mean universal adult franchise.
In France the right to vote and get elected was given only to the property owners.
Women were also not allowed to vote.
Only Jacobins allowed adult franchise for a short period.
However Napoleon reduced the status of women of a minor in a patriarchal society.
So throughout the 19th century women and non propertied people organized movements in protest.
ECONOMIC LIBERALISM
Liberalism stood for the freedoms of markets and abolition of state imposed restrictions.
During 19th century this was a strong demand of the existing middle class.
For example Napoleon crated out of countless small principalities a confederation of 39 states.
Each of these states had their own currency and weights and measures.
A merchant traveling in 1833 from Habusberg to Nuremberg to sell his goods had to pass through 11 customs barriers.
Duties were often levied according to the weights and measurements of the goods.
Such conditions were not good for the creation of a uniform economic system in all the territories.
in 1834 a common union or’ zullverein ‘ was formed by Prussia and later on joined by most of the German states.
This union abolished tariff barriers and reduced the number of currencies from thirty to two.
The introduction of railways further helped in the mobility.
A NEW CONSERVATISM AFTER 1815
After the defeat of Napoleon in1815 there was CONSERVATISM in Europe.
Conservatives believed in the resetting of monarchy, the church, social hierarchy properties and families.
Conservatisms believed that modernization in fact strengthen traditional monarchy.
It could make state powers more effective and strong.
Conservatism believed a modern army, an efficient bureaucracy, a dynamic economy and abolition of feudalism and serfdom could strengthen the monarchies in Europe
CONGRESS OF VIENNA
After the defeat of Napoleon, European powers--- Britain, Russia, Prussia and Austria met at Vienna.
The congress was hosted by Austrian Chancellor Duke Metternich.
The Bourbon Dynasty was restored to power and France had lost all the territories it had occupied under Napoleon.
Kingdom of Netherlands was set up in north and Genoa was added to Piedmont, an Italian empire.
But the German confederation of 39 stated that had been set up by Napoleon was left untouched.
In the east, Russia was given Poland while Prussia was given a portion of Saxony.
The main intention behind all this was to restore monarchies, a new conservative order in Europe.
CONSERVATIVE REGIMES.
Almost all the conservative regimes set up in 1815 were autocratic.
They did not tolerate criticism and neither accept anything against autocratic govts
Most of them imposed censorship on press, plays and songs which reflected the idea of liberty and fraternity.
The memory of French Revolution continued to inspire liberals.
One of the major issues taken up by liberal nationalists, was the freedom of press.
THE REVOLUTIONARIES.
The fear of repression drove many liberal nationalists underground to form’ Secret Societies’’, to train revolutionaries and spread their ideas.
A revolutionary used to have commitment to oppose monarchical form of govt. that had been established after Vienna Congress
These revolutionaries believed in liberty and freedom from the monarchies and establishment of Nation States
ROLE OF MAZZINI
An Italian revolutionaries Mzzini also became a member of the secret society.
As a young man of 24, he was sent to exile in 1831 for attempting a revolution.
He then founded two more societies-
--- Young Italy in Marseilles
--- Young Europe in Berne.
Their members had similar views. They were from Poland France, Italy and German states.
Mazzini believed that God wanted nations to be united.
So he wanted Italy to be unified into a single unit or a united nation.
Mazzini’s opposition to Monarchy frightened the conservatives
ASSIGNMENT.
Why was ‘Zollverein’ set up in Prussia in 1834? What was its significance?
Who was Metternich?
Name four European powers that collectively defeated Napoleon.
With what aim was the treaty of Vienna signed?
Name two secret societies set up in Italy in the early 19th century.
Who was Mazzini? What was his role in the unification of Italy?
AGE OF REVOLUTIONS:: 1830—1848
LIBERAL NATIONALISM—
The first upheaval took place in France in 1830.
These revolutions were led by liberal nationalists belonging to educated middle class elite, consisted of professors, school teachers, clerks and traders etc.
FRENCH REVOLUTION OF 1830—
The first upheaval took place in France in 1830.
The Bourbon kings were now overthrown by liberal revolutionaries and they installed constitutional monarchy with Louis Philippe as its head.
Metternich remarked that” When French sneezes, rest of the Europe catches cold.”, means anything which began in France, spreads like fire in other European countries.
For example Belgium broke away from the Kingdom of Netherlands.
GREEK WAR OF INDEPENDENCE---
Nationalist feeling of educated elite was mobilized by Greek war of independence.
Greece was a part of Ottoman Empire since 15th century.
Greeks began their struggle of independence in 1821.
Nationalists in Greece got support from the Greeks living abroad and from some western European countries, who had sympathies for ancient Greek culture.
Poets and artists had supported this nationalist struggle
Finally in the treaty of Constantinople, Greece became independent in 1832..
European countries were ruled in19th century by various dynastic rulers over regions having diverse population.
For example, Habusburg Dynasty ruled over regions of Austria, Hungry, Italian provinces of Lombardy and Venetia, German speaking Sudetenland and Polish speaking Galicia.
In Hungry common people spoke Magyar, while the other half spoke a variety of languages.
Besides these dominant groups, there also lived a no. of subject peasants
- In the north Bohemians and Slovaks.
- In south lived Slovenes in Carrillo and Croats.
- In the east in Transylvania lived Romans.
Except for allegiance to a common ruler, there was hardly any political unity in Europe.
THE ARISTOCRACY AND THE NEW MIDDLE CLASS.
Landed Aristocracy was the dominant class in the continent.
They owned Estates in the countryside and also town houses.
They spoke French language for living in high society.
The no. of this powerful Aristocracy was however less.
Their families were often connected by the ties of marriages.
Majority of the population was of tenant peasants.
In the west majority of the land was cultivated by small farmers and tenants and in the eastern and central Europe there were vast estates owned by landlords and cultivated by tenants,
In the western and central Europe there was growth of industrial production and trade leading to the growth of towns and commercial classes.
With the industrialization, there began the growth of a new social group of working class, middle class having industrialists, businessmen and professionals.
In central and eastern Europe these groups were smaller in no.
This educated and middle class only later on adopted the ideas of national unity.
WHAT DID LIBERAL NATIONALISM STANDS FOR?
Ideas of national unity were closely related to the ideology of liberalism.
The term liberalism has been derived from the Latin word ‘liber’, meaning free.
For the new middle class liberalism stood for freedom and for others it stood for equality of all before the law.
Politically it means government by consent.
Since the French revolution liberalism meant for the end of autocracy and a government having parliament with the representatives of the people.
They also stood against the private property.
POLITICAL LIBERALISM
So far equality before the law did not mean universal adult franchise.
In France the right to vote and get elected was given only to the property owners.
Women were also not allowed to vote.
Only Jacobins allowed adult franchise for a short period.
However Napoleon reduced the status of women of a minor in a patriarchal society.
So throughout the 19th century women and non propertied people organized movements in protest.
ECONOMIC LIBERALISM
Liberalism stood for the freedoms of markets and abolition of state imposed restrictions.
During 19th century this was a strong demand of the existing middle class.
For example Napoleon crated out of countless small principalities a confederation of 39 states.
Each of these states had their own currency and weights and measures.
A merchant traveling in 1833 from Habusberg to Nuremberg to sell his goods had to pass through 11 customs barriers.
Duties were often levied according to the weights and measurements of the goods.
Such conditions were not good for the creation of a uniform economic system in all the territories.
in 1834 a common union or’ zullverein ‘ was formed by Prussia and later on joined by most of the German states.
This union abolished tariff barriers and reduced the number of currencies from thirty to two.
The introduction of railways further helped in the mobility.
A NEW CONSERVATISM AFTER 1815
After the defeat of Napoleon in1815 there was CONSERVATISM in Europe.
Conservatives believed in the resetting of monarchy, the church, social hierarchy properties and families.
Conservatisms believed that modernization in fact strengthen traditional monarchy.
It could make state powers more effective and strong.
Conservatism believed a modern army, an efficient bureaucracy, a dynamic economy and abolition of feudalism and serfdom could strengthen the monarchies in Europe
CONGRESS OF VIENNA
After the defeat of Napoleon, European powers--- Britain, Russia, Prussia and Austria met at Vienna.
The congress was hosted by Austrian Chancellor Duke Metternich.
The Bourbon Dynasty was restored to power and France had lost all the territories it had occupied under Napoleon.
Kingdom of Netherlands was set up in north and Genoa was added to Piedmont, an Italian empire.
But the German confederation of 39 stated that had been set up by Napoleon was left untouched.
In the east, Russia was given Poland while Prussia was given a portion of Saxony.
The main intention behind all this was to restore monarchies, a new conservative order in Europe.
CONSERVATIVE REGIMES.
Almost all the conservative regimes set up in 1815 were autocratic.
They did not tolerate criticism and neither accept anything against autocratic govts
Most of them imposed censorship on press, plays and songs which reflected the idea of liberty and fraternity.
The memory of French Revolution continued to inspire liberals.
One of the major issues taken up by liberal nationalists, was the freedom of press.
THE REVOLUTIONARIES.
The fear of repression drove many liberal nationalists underground to form’ Secret Societies’’, to train revolutionaries and spread their ideas.
A revolutionary used to have commitment to oppose monarchical form of govt. that had been established after Vienna Congress
These revolutionaries believed in liberty and freedom from the monarchies and establishment of Nation States
ROLE OF MAZZINI
An Italian revolutionaries Mzzini also became a member of the secret society.
As a young man of 24, he was sent to exile in 1831 for attempting a revolution.
He then founded two more societies-
--- Young Italy in Marseilles
--- Young Europe in Berne.
Their members had similar views. They were from Poland France, Italy and German states.
Mazzini believed that God wanted nations to be united.
So he wanted Italy to be unified into a single unit or a united nation.
Mazzini’s opposition to Monarchy frightened the conservatives
ASSIGNMENT.
Why was ‘Zollverein’ set up in Prussia in 1834? What was its significance?
Who was Metternich?
Name four European powers that collectively defeated Napoleon.
With what aim was the treaty of Vienna signed?
Name two secret societies set up in Italy in the early 19th century.
Who was Mazzini? What was his role in the unification of Italy?
AGE OF REVOLUTIONS:: 1830—1848
LIBERAL NATIONALISM—
The first upheaval took place in France in 1830.
These revolutions were led by liberal nationalists belonging to educated middle class elite, consisted of professors, school teachers, clerks and traders etc.
FRENCH REVOLUTION OF 1830—
The first upheaval took place in France in 1830.
The Bourbon kings were now overthrown by liberal revolutionaries and they installed constitutional monarchy with Louis Philippe as its head.
Metternich remarked that” When French sneezes, rest of the Europe catches cold.”, means anything which began in France, spreads like fire in other European countries.
For example Belgium broke away from the Kingdom of Netherlands.
GREEK WAR OF INDEPENDENCE---
Nationalist feeling of educated elite was mobilized by Greek war of independence.
Greece was a part of Ottoman Empire since 15th century.
Greeks began their struggle of independence in 1821.
Nationalists in Greece got support from the Greeks living abroad and from some western European countries, who had sympathies for ancient Greek culture.
Poets and artists had supported this nationalist struggle
Finally in the treaty of Constantinople, Greece became independent in 1832..
Wednesday, September 12, 2007
Nationalism in Europe
French Revolution in 1789
1. France was a territorial state in 1789 under the rule of an absolute monarch.
2. Political and constitutional changes led to transfer of power from monarchy to democracy.
3. The revolution proclaimed people’s power in shaping the destiny of the nation.
4. The French revolutionaries introduced various measures and practices to create a sense of collectiveness amongst the French people.
5. Ideas of ‘Fatherland’ and ‘citizenship’ were emphasized and a notion of united nation, enjoying equal rights under one constitution was emphasized.
6. A new tricolor flag was chosen to replace the old monarchical flag.
7. The ‘ESTATES GENERAL’ a representative body was renamed as ‘THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY’.
8. New hymns were composed in the name of the nation.
9. A centralized administrative system was put for uniform laws for all citizens living in French territory.
10. Internal customs duties and dues were abolished and a uniform system of weights and measures was adopted.
11. ‘French’ became the language of the nation.
12. French revolutionaries also declared that it was the mission of the French to liberate the people of Europe from absolutism.
SPREAD OF NATIONALISM
When the news of events in France reached the other countries, they also began forming ‘Jacobin Clubs’
With the outbreak of revolutionary wars in European countries, the French armies began to carry the idea of nationalism in other countries of Europe.
ROLE OF NAPOLEAN BONAPARTE
1. When Napoleon came to power in France, he introduced many reforms.
2. Though nap loan revived monarchy in France but his administrative system was more rational and efficient.
3. Napoleon’s code included ---
4. a) No privileges based on birth
1. b) Equality before the law.
2. c) Secured the right to property.
3. This code reached the regions which were under French control.
4. In the Dutch Republic, in Switzerland, in Italy, In Germany, Napoleon abolished feudal system and simplified administrative division.
5. In the towns guild restrictions were removed.
6. Transport and communication system was improved.
7. Peasants, artisans,
8. Workers and new business class enjoyed this freedom.
9. They had realized that uniform laws, standardized weights and measures and a common national currency would help them to flourish.
IN FRENCH REACTION OF THE LOCAL POPULATION RULE
1. It was a mixed reaction.
2. In many places like Switzerland, Holland, Brussels, Milan etc. French armies were welcomed as MESSENGERS OF LIBERTY.
3. But soon it turned into hostility as they realized that their administrative changes did not go hand in hand with political freedom.
4. Increased taxation, censorship seemed to outweigh the advantages of administrative changes.
ASSGNMENT—
Q1. What is ‘Nationalism’?
Q2. What is ‘statue of Liberty’?
Q3.What was ‘Estates General’ in France?
Q4. What was Napoleonic Code?
Q5.What was the reaction of local people in French rule?
1. France was a territorial state in 1789 under the rule of an absolute monarch.
2. Political and constitutional changes led to transfer of power from monarchy to democracy.
3. The revolution proclaimed people’s power in shaping the destiny of the nation.
4. The French revolutionaries introduced various measures and practices to create a sense of collectiveness amongst the French people.
5. Ideas of ‘Fatherland’ and ‘citizenship’ were emphasized and a notion of united nation, enjoying equal rights under one constitution was emphasized.
6. A new tricolor flag was chosen to replace the old monarchical flag.
7. The ‘ESTATES GENERAL’ a representative body was renamed as ‘THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY’.
8. New hymns were composed in the name of the nation.
9. A centralized administrative system was put for uniform laws for all citizens living in French territory.
10. Internal customs duties and dues were abolished and a uniform system of weights and measures was adopted.
11. ‘French’ became the language of the nation.
12. French revolutionaries also declared that it was the mission of the French to liberate the people of Europe from absolutism.
SPREAD OF NATIONALISM
When the news of events in France reached the other countries, they also began forming ‘Jacobin Clubs’
With the outbreak of revolutionary wars in European countries, the French armies began to carry the idea of nationalism in other countries of Europe.
ROLE OF NAPOLEAN BONAPARTE
1. When Napoleon came to power in France, he introduced many reforms.
2. Though nap loan revived monarchy in France but his administrative system was more rational and efficient.
3. Napoleon’s code included ---
4. a) No privileges based on birth
1. b) Equality before the law.
2. c) Secured the right to property.
3. This code reached the regions which were under French control.
4. In the Dutch Republic, in Switzerland, in Italy, In Germany, Napoleon abolished feudal system and simplified administrative division.
5. In the towns guild restrictions were removed.
6. Transport and communication system was improved.
7. Peasants, artisans,
8. Workers and new business class enjoyed this freedom.
9. They had realized that uniform laws, standardized weights and measures and a common national currency would help them to flourish.
IN FRENCH REACTION OF THE LOCAL POPULATION RULE
1. It was a mixed reaction.
2. In many places like Switzerland, Holland, Brussels, Milan etc. French armies were welcomed as MESSENGERS OF LIBERTY.
3. But soon it turned into hostility as they realized that their administrative changes did not go hand in hand with political freedom.
4. Increased taxation, censorship seemed to outweigh the advantages of administrative changes.
ASSGNMENT—
Q1. What is ‘Nationalism’?
Q2. What is ‘statue of Liberty’?
Q3.What was ‘Estates General’ in France?
Q4. What was Napoleonic Code?
Q5.What was the reaction of local people in French rule?
Friday, September 7, 2007
French Revolution
French Revolution in 1789
1. France was a territorial state in 1789 under the rule of an absolute monarch.
2. Political and constitutional changes led to transfer of power from monarchy to democracy.
3. The revolution proclaimed people’s power in shaping the destiny of the nation.
4. The French revolutionaries introduced various measures and practices to create a sense of collectiveness amongst the French people.
5. Ideas of ‘Fatherland’ and ‘citizenship’ were emphasized and a notion of united nation, enjoying equal rights under one constitution was emphasized.
6. A new tricolor flag was chosen to replace the old monarchical flag.
7. The ‘ESTATES GENERAL’ a representative body was renamed as ‘THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY’.
8. New hymns were composed in the name of the nation.
9. A centralized administrative system was put for uniform laws for all citizens living in French territory.
10. Internal customs duties and dues were abolished and a uniform system of weights and measures was adopted.
11. ‘French’ became the language of the nation.
12. French revolutionaries also declared that it was the mission of the French to liberate the people of Europe from absolutism.
SPREAD OF NATIONALISM
When the news of events in France reached the other countries, they also began forming ‘Jacobin Clubs’
With the outbreak of revolutionary wars in European countries, the French armies began to carry the idea of nationalism in other countries of Europe.
ROLE OF NAPOLEAN BONAPARTE
1. When Napoleon came to power in France, he introduced many reforms.
2. Though nap loan revived monarchy in France but his administrative system was more rational and efficient.
3. Napoleon’s code included ---
4. a) No privileges based on birth
1. b) Equality before the law.
2. c) Secured the right to property.
3. This code reached the regions which were under French control.
4. In the Dutch Republic, in Switzerland, in Italy, In Germany, Napoleon abolished feudal system and simplified administrative division.
5. In the towns guild restrictions were removed.
6. Transport and communication system was improved.
7. Peasants, artisans,
8. Workers and new business class enjoyed this freedom.
9. They had realized that uniform laws, standardized weights and measures and a common national currency would help them to flourish.
IN FRENCH REACTION OF THE LOCAL POPULATION RULE
1. It was a mixed reaction.
2. In many places like Switzerland, Holland, Brussels, Milan etc. French armies were welcomed as MESSENGERS OF LIBERTY.
3. But soon it turned into hostility as they realized that their administrative changes did not go hand in hand with political freedom.
4. Increased taxation, censorship seemed to outweigh the advantages of administrative changes.
ASSGNMENT—
Q1. What is ‘Nationalism’?
Q2. What is ‘statue of Liberty’?
Q3.What was ‘Estates General’ in France?
Q4. What was Napoleonic Code?
Q5.What was the reaction of local people in French rule?
1. France was a territorial state in 1789 under the rule of an absolute monarch.
2. Political and constitutional changes led to transfer of power from monarchy to democracy.
3. The revolution proclaimed people’s power in shaping the destiny of the nation.
4. The French revolutionaries introduced various measures and practices to create a sense of collectiveness amongst the French people.
5. Ideas of ‘Fatherland’ and ‘citizenship’ were emphasized and a notion of united nation, enjoying equal rights under one constitution was emphasized.
6. A new tricolor flag was chosen to replace the old monarchical flag.
7. The ‘ESTATES GENERAL’ a representative body was renamed as ‘THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY’.
8. New hymns were composed in the name of the nation.
9. A centralized administrative system was put for uniform laws for all citizens living in French territory.
10. Internal customs duties and dues were abolished and a uniform system of weights and measures was adopted.
11. ‘French’ became the language of the nation.
12. French revolutionaries also declared that it was the mission of the French to liberate the people of Europe from absolutism.
SPREAD OF NATIONALISM
When the news of events in France reached the other countries, they also began forming ‘Jacobin Clubs’
With the outbreak of revolutionary wars in European countries, the French armies began to carry the idea of nationalism in other countries of Europe.
ROLE OF NAPOLEAN BONAPARTE
1. When Napoleon came to power in France, he introduced many reforms.
2. Though nap loan revived monarchy in France but his administrative system was more rational and efficient.
3. Napoleon’s code included ---
4. a) No privileges based on birth
1. b) Equality before the law.
2. c) Secured the right to property.
3. This code reached the regions which were under French control.
4. In the Dutch Republic, in Switzerland, in Italy, In Germany, Napoleon abolished feudal system and simplified administrative division.
5. In the towns guild restrictions were removed.
6. Transport and communication system was improved.
7. Peasants, artisans,
8. Workers and new business class enjoyed this freedom.
9. They had realized that uniform laws, standardized weights and measures and a common national currency would help them to flourish.
IN FRENCH REACTION OF THE LOCAL POPULATION RULE
1. It was a mixed reaction.
2. In many places like Switzerland, Holland, Brussels, Milan etc. French armies were welcomed as MESSENGERS OF LIBERTY.
3. But soon it turned into hostility as they realized that their administrative changes did not go hand in hand with political freedom.
4. Increased taxation, censorship seemed to outweigh the advantages of administrative changes.
ASSGNMENT—
Q1. What is ‘Nationalism’?
Q2. What is ‘statue of Liberty’?
Q3.What was ‘Estates General’ in France?
Q4. What was Napoleonic Code?
Q5.What was the reaction of local people in French rule?
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