GERMANY:--
1. In Germany a large number of political associations of middle class professionals, businessmen and prosperous artisans were formed.
2. They all decided to note for an all German National Assembly at Frankfurt.
3. Parliament was convened in St. Paul’s Church in Frankfurt, where 831 elected representatives met.
4. They drafted a constitution for German nation, headed by a monarchy and ruled by a Parliament.
5. When the crown was offered to Frederich Wilhelm4, King of Prussia, he rejected it and joined other monarchies to oppose this proposal
6. Parliament was dominated by middle classes, who resisted the demands of workers therefore lost their support.
7. Troops were called and assembly was dissolved.

ISSUE OF WOMEN:-
1. Women were not given the right to vote yet.
2. Women formed their own political associations and took part in political meetings and demonstrations.
3. Besides this, they were not given the right to vote.

GERMAN UNIFICATION:--

1. Nationalist feeling was widespread among Germans, who tried to topple monarchy in 1848.
2. This feeling was suppressed by the Monarch, army and landlords (called Junkers ) in Prussia.
3. Since then Prussia took leadership in the movement for national unification.
4. Its chief minister Otto Von Bismarck was the architect of this process, as he believed in the policy of Blood and Iron.
5. He took the help of army and Bureaucracy to form German nation.
6. Three wars were fought for about 7 years with Austria, Denmark and France and it ended in Prussian victory.
7. In January 1871an assembly of representatives of army, princes of German states, Prussian ministers and Bismarck gathered in hall of Mirrors in the palace of Versailles to proclaim new German state.
8. The new nation laid emphasis on modernizing the currency, banking, legal and judicious systems of Germany.

UNIFICATION OF ITALY:--

1. Italy was also divided into separate states like Germany.
2. During the middle of the 19th century, Italy was divided into 7 states of which SARDINIA PIEDMENT was ruled by an Italian prince.
3. North---- was under Austrian Habsburg.
Centre---- was ruled by the Pope.
South----was under Bourbon king of Spain.
4. Many regional languages were spoken in all these states.


ROLE OF MAZZINI:--
1. During 1830’s Giuseppe Mazzini formed a secret society called, YOUNG ITALY To achieve his aim.
2. Ruler of Sardinia Piedmont, Victor Emmanuel ll got the responsibility to unite Italy.

ROLE OF CAVOUR AND GARIBALDI:--

1. Chief Minister Cavour like any other educated elite spoke French much better then Italian.
2. Keeping diplomatic relations with France, envisaged by Cavour, Sardinia Piedmont defeated France.

ROLE OF GARIBALDI:--

1. Along with the troops armed volunteers led by Garibaldi also joined.
2. In 1860, they marched into south Italy and won kingdoms of Siclies from Spain.
3. In 1861, Victor Emmanuel ll was proclaimed king of united Italy.
4. Uneducated population of Italy was unaware of whatever was happening in Italy.

STRANGE CASE OF BRITAIN

1. Great Britain was considered a model nation state.
2. Formation of nation state in England was a long drawn out process.
3. Primary inhabitants of England were –English, Welsh, Scot and Irish.
4. All these ethnic groups had their own cultural and political traditions.
5. But as English had grown wealthy, they extended their control over other nations of the island also.
6. English parliament was formed after the bloodless revolution of England in 1688.

SCOTLAND:--

1. .England imposed its influence over Scotland in 1707 and declared itself as “United Kingdom of Great Britain”.
2. British Parliament had majority British in it.
3. Scotland culture was gradually suppressed by the British culture.
4. Catholics of Scotland revolted several times but were suppressed by Britain.

IRELAND:--

1. Ireland had both Catholics and Protestants.
2. The English helped the Protestants to establish their dominance over Catholics in Ireland.
3. Catholics revolted but they were suppressed.
4. After a failed revolt of Wolfe Tone, in 1801, Ireland was included in England.
5. A new British nation was formed with the new British Flag of Union Jack and National Anthem, God save our noble king.

VISUALISING THE NATION:--

1. It is the personification of a nation or giving face to a nation.
2. Artists of 18th and 19th century portrayed nation as a female figure.
3. The female figure became an Allegory of the nation.French artists portrayed ideas such as justice, liberty and republic as female allegory eg. Justice is portrayed through blindfolded woman carrying a pair of weighing scales