WORK LIFE AND LEISURE CITIES IN THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD.

DURGA CHARAN RAY'S NOVEL--
1. In 1880 in his novel, '' The Gods Visits Earth" he had depicted that lord Bramha took a train to calcutta with some other gods.
2.Varuna the rain god conducted his tour to Calcutta.
3. The gods were wonderstruck by the big modern city-- the train, the large ships on the river ganges, factories belching smoke, bridges and monuments and dazzeling array of shops selling a no. of commodities.
4. But the gods were disturbed by its cheats, thieves, its grinding poverty and poor quality of housing for many.
5. gods were also perturbed at the confusion of caste religion and gender identities in the city.
Three Historical processes which have shaped modern cities in decisive ways--
1. The rise of industrial capitalism.
2. The establishments of colonial rule over large parts of the World.
3. Development of democratic ideals.
CHAPTER 1. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE CITY
How do we distinguish betwwen cities on one hand and towns and villages on the other---
1. Towns and cities first appeared along the river valleys were larger in scale than other in human settlement.
2.Ancient cities could develop only when an increase in food supplies made it possible to support a wide range of non food producers.
3.Cities were often the centers of political power, administrative network, trade and industry, religious institutions and intellectual activities.
4. Cities themselves vary greatly in size and complexity.
5. They can be densely settled modern day metropoises.
LONDON CITY.
1. By 1750 one out of every nine people of England and Wales lived in London.
It was a colossal city.
2.Its population multiplied four fold in 70 years.
3. The city of London was a powerful magnet for migrant population.
4. It is rightly said that London was a city of small masters and skilled artisans, soldiers and servants, of casual labours,street sellers and beggers.
5. During the first world war London began manfacturing motor cars and electronic goods and the number of large factories increased.
6.Apart from the london dockyard five major types of industries employed large numbers--
a) Clothing and footwear.
b) Wood and furniture.
c) Metals and engineering.
d) printing and stationary.
e) Surgical instruments.
f) Watches and objects of precious metals.
MARGINAL GROUPS--
POOR PEOPLE AND CRIMINALS.

1.As London grew crime flourished.
2.The police were worried about law and order and philantherapist were worried about morality.
3. So the population of criminals was counted, their activities were observed and ways of life were investigating.